深圳市表层土壤多环芳烃污染及空间分异研究

以深圳为研究区域,选择土壤为研究对象,以多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)为目标物,采集表层土壤样品188个,调查样品中PAHs的赋存状态,以此为基础,分析土壤PAHs污染水平与城市化进程的关系,并初步评估深圳土壤中PAHs的生态风险.结果表明,表层土壤中的28种PAHs(Σ28PAHs)、16种美国环保署优控PAHs(Σ16PAHs)和7种致癌PAHs(Σ7CarPAHs)的含量范围分别为5~7 939 ng·g-1、2~6 745 ng·g-1和未检出~3 786 ng·g-1.8种土地利用类型中Σ16PAHs平均含量由高到低依次为:交通用地、商业用地、工业用地、农业用地、居住用地、城市绿地、果园和林地.来源分析表明,化石燃料的燃烧是建设用地和非建设用地样品Σ16PAHs的主要来源,贡献率分别为75.1%和68.2%.研究还发现高分子量PAHs浓度和城市化水平呈显著正相关关系,深圳市土壤中PAHs生态风险总体处于较低水平.     

自然光照对淹水条件下三峡库区消落带典型土壤磷释放影响

为研究淹水条件下光照对土-水界面磷释放的影响,以三峡库区消落带典型土壤为对象,通过室内自然光照试验,讨论了铁还原及有机质降解对磷释放的影响,分析光照对淹水土壤磷释放的影响机制.结果表明,光照对淹水土壤磷释放存在一定程度的抑制作用,光照作用下淹水紫色潮土上覆水体中TP浓度范围为0.018~0.033 mg·L-1,避光处理为0.02~0.057mg·L-1,灰棕紫泥光照下TP浓度范围为0.028~0.045 mg·L-1,避光处理为0.04~0.084 mg·L-1.光照引起淹水土壤中铁氧化物的变化可能是光照抑制磷释放的重要原因.光照导致土壤中铁氧化物饱和程度降低,铁还原和无定形铁生成受阻进一步加深了光照对磷释放的抑制影响.CO2和CH4反映淹水土壤有机质分解情况,光照降低有机碳的转化效率,加速土壤中无机电子受体的消耗,解释了光照作用下铁氧化物的变化.由此可见,光照对淹水土壤磷释放的抑制与淹水土壤中铁还原和有机质分解密切相关.     

紫色丘陵区不同弃土弃渣下垫面入渗特征及影响因素

采用环刀法研究了紫色丘陵区不同碎石含量弃土弃渣下垫面的入渗特征及影响因素.结果表明,不同弃土弃渣下垫面入渗性能随碎石含量的增加而差异显著,其中,碎石含量为40%的弃土弃渣下垫面初始入渗率、稳定入渗率及平均入渗率分别是土质弃渣下垫面的1.30、1.13和1.54倍.不同下垫面初始入渗率和稳定入渗率与弃渣初始含水率、容重呈显著负相关,与下垫面总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度呈显著正相关.其中,初始入渗率与初始含水率相关系数在-0.689~-0.912之间,稳定入渗率与容重相关系数为-0.745~-0.999,且稳定入渗率随非毛管孔隙度增加而显著提高.Horton模型对不同弃土弃渣下垫面入渗率与时间拟合的可决系数在0.899以上,且Horton模型计算入渗率与实测入渗率的相对误差在0.07%~6.60%之间,是紫色丘陵区分析不同弃土弃渣下垫面入渗过程的适宜性模型.研究结果可为紫色丘陵区弃土弃渣水土流失量预测和评价提供技术参数.     

土壤重金属污染及其修复技术研究

土壤重金属污染物有汞、镉、铅、锌等,主要来源于交通运输、工业污染和农业污染。土壤重金属污染会导致农作物减产甚至死亡,对人体健康也会产生极大危害。目前土壤重金属污染修复的技术主要包括工程修复法、物理化学修复法、化学修复法和生物修复法。植物修复技术作为一种新兴的绿色、生态、高效的修复技术具有良好的发展前景。     

生态修复工程实施后对土壤理化性质改善效益初探

通过监测和田地区生态修复项目实施后所取得生态效益的结果表明,生态修复项目实施后,由于项目区风速降低,温度和相对湿度的变化减少,提高了植被盖度,降低了风蚀量,促进了成土作用的进行,从而逐渐改善了土壤的理化性质。     

电除尘器电源交流分量对PM_(2.5)等细微颗粒物除尘效率的影响

除尘器对颗粒物的除尘效率与颗粒物的荷电量密切相关,PM2.5等细小颗粒物由于其荷电量不足而导致其吸收效率较低,对环境造成危害。为了增加粒子的荷电量,以粒子荷电原理为理论依据,从离子电流密度和通过电凝并扩大尘粒中位径2个方面研究了电除尘电源中交流电压分量对PM2.5等细小颗粒物荷电特性的影响,得出了电除尘器电源中交流电压分量可从以上2个方面提高装置对PM2.5等微小颗粒物的荷电量,且频率越高,幅值越大,荷电效果越好,从而可以提高装置对细小颗粒物的除尘效率。     

The electron density distribution in pyridinium and bipyridylium compounds and its relevance to their adsorption by expanding lattice clays

Abstract

Charge distributions in 1, 1'‐ethylene‐2, 2'‐bipyridylium (diquat), 1,1'‐dimethyl‐4,4'‐bipyridylium (paraquat) and 1‐methylpyridinium organocations were calculated by a Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap semi‐empirical quantum mechanical procedure. The data show that the positive charges in the organocations are distributed around the molecules and are greatest in the positions ortho and para to the heterocyclic nitrogen atoms. Earlier interpretations of the mechanisms of adsorption of paraquat and diquat by soils and clays assumed that the charges were located in the heterocyclic nitrogen atoms. Here some consideration is given to the influence of the charge delocalizations on the processes of adsorption by montmorillonite and vermiculite clay preparations.     

绵阳市代表性点位土壤多环芳烃剖面分布特征

通过挑选绵阳市有代表性的点位土壤柱，应用GC MS分析土壤柱垂直剖面中多环芳烃的含量水平，得出其垂直剖面分布特征。结果表明：5~20 cm深度中的PAHs含量最高，40 cm以下则含量锐减。由于表层（0～5 cm）土壤与大气之间的土气交换频繁，PAHs含量相对较低，而5~20 cm处土壤受到表层土壤的遮盖，PAHs富集较高，含量达到整个土壤柱最高值。多环芳烃总体垂直剖面分布特征表现出随深度增加含量减少的趋势。PAHs总含量以江油市点位(33024 ng/g)最高，其次是三台县点位(29989 ng/g)，最低是游仙区点位(11274 ng/g)。研究区主要污染物为Nap、Phe和Chr/y。其中不同的土质、种植物都能影响PAHs的富集和迁移速率，导致含量在不同深度上产生变化。此外，参照有关环境质量标准，发现PAHs总量上江油市点位与三台县点位属于轻微污染、游仙区点位则属于无污染。     

Remediation of metal-contaminated soils with the addition of materials - part II: leaching tests to evaluate the efficiency of materials in the remediation of contaminated soils

The effect of the addition of materials on the leaching pattern of As and metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cd) in two contaminated soils was investigated. The examined materials included bentonites, silicates and industrial wastes, such as sugar foam, fly ashes and a material originated from the zeolitization of fly ash. Soil + material mixtures were prepared at 10% doses. Changes in the acid neutralization capacity, crystalline phases and contaminant leaching over a wide range of pHs were examined by using pH_stat leaching tests. Sugar foam, the zeolitic material and MX-80 bentonite produced the greatest decrease in the leaching of pollutants due to an increase in the pH and/or the sorption capacity in the resulting mixture. This finding suggests that soil remediation may be a feasible option for the reuse of non-hazardous wastes.     

Thermodynamics of interaction of lindane on silty loam and silty clay loam Indian soils

Abstract

Interaction of lindane with silty loam and silty clay loam soils was studied in batch tests at 23, 30 and 37° C. Sorption experiments were carried out at four concentrations and for varying time of contact upto 72 hours. This was followed by desorption studies. No desorption was observed. The sorption data was analysed using sorption equations and evaluating the thermodynamic parameters. The sorption was found to be predominantly entropic in nature and a combined effect of adsorption and chemisorption. The effect of organic matter and other chemical and mineralogical constituents of soils has also been discussed. The sorption with single application of lindane with the two soil types indicates that the insecticide is less likely to reach groundwater.