水力停留时间对潜流湿地净化效果影响及脱氮途径解析

利用连续进水的垂直潜流人工湿地和水平潜流人工湿地,比较分析了4种水力停留时间对常规污染物去除效果的影响,在最佳水力停留时间下探究了两种湿地内部各基质层硝化、反硝化和氨氧化功能基因丰度以及硝化与反硝化作用强度;通过对两种湿地脱氮影响因素的冗余分析和方差分解分析,得出影响湿地氮去除的主要因素.结果表明,当水力停留时间为24 h时,两种湿地系统对常规污染物（COD、TP、TN和NH₄⁺-N）去除效果最佳,去除率均大于70%,此时湿地内部对NH₄⁺-N和TN的去除率以及硝化和反硝化强度皆表现出沿水流方向逐级递减的趋势;3种功能基因中,反硝化功能基因（nirS）丰度远高于硝化功能基因（nxrA）和氨氧化功能基因（AOB-amoA）.在本研究中,两种潜流人工湿地氮去除能力均受环境因素和微生物因素共同影响,其中,微生物因素对脱氮贡献率最高（55%和48%）.除此之外,TN和NH₄⁺-N的去除率均与DO、基质比表面积、COD浓度和硝化功能基因及反硝化功能基因丰度呈正比,与pH值成反比.因此,为提高两种系统氮去除效果,均可通过提高基质层溶解氧和碳源含量以及适当地降低pH值来实现,水平潜流人工湿地还可通过更换比表面积较大的基质层来显著提高系统脱氮效果.本研究为人工湿地的设计以及最佳水力停留时间的选择提供了理论基础,脱氮途径的定量化解析对深入理解人工湿地氮去除机制以及提高氮素去除率具有重要的指导意义.     

Revealing life‐history traits by contrasting genetic estimations with predictions of effective population size

Effective population size, a central concept in conservation biology, is now routinely estimated from genetic surveys and can also be theoretically predicted from demographic, life‐history, and mating‐system data. By evaluating the consistency of theoretical predictions with empirically estimated effective size, insights can be gained regarding life‐history characteristics and the relative impact of different life‐history traits on genetic drift. These insights can be used to design and inform management strategies aimed at increasing effective population size. We demonstrated this approach by addressing the conservation of a reintroduced population of Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus). We estimated the variance effective size (N_ev) from genetic data () and formulated predictions for the impacts on N_ev of demography, polygyny, female variance in lifetime reproductive success (RS), and heritability of female RS. By contrasting the genetic estimation with theoretical predictions, we found that polygyny was the strongest factor affecting genetic drift because only when accounting for polygyny were predictions consistent with the genetically measured N_ev. The comparison of effective‐size estimation and predictions indicated that 10.6% of the males mated per generation when heritability of female RS was unaccounted for (polygyny responsible for 81% decrease in N_ev) and 19.5% mated when female RS was accounted for (polygyny responsible for 67% decrease in N_ev). Heritability of female RS also affected N_ev; (heritability responsible for 41% decrease in N_ev). The low effective size is of concern, and we suggest that management actions focus on factors identified as strongly affecting , namely, increasing the availability of artificial water sources to increase number of dominant males contributing to the gene pool. This approach, evaluating life‐history hypotheses in light of their impact on effective population size, and contrasting predictions with genetic measurements, is a general, applicable strategy that can be used to inform conservation practice.     

Processing National CO2 Inventory Emissions Data and their Total Uncertainty Estimates

The uncertainty of reported greenhouse gases emission inventories obtained by the aggregation of partial emissions from all sources and estimated to date for several countries is very high in comparison with the countries’ emissions limitation and reduction commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. Independent calculation of the estimates could confirm or question the undertainty estimates values obtained thus far. One of the aims of this paper is to propose statistical signal processing methods to enable calculation of the inventory variances. The annual reported emissions are used and temporal smoothness of the emissions curve is assumed. The methods considered are: a spline-function-smoothing procedure; a time-varying parameter model; and the geometric Brownian motion model. These are validated on historical observations of the CO₂ emissions from fossil fuel combustion. The estimates of variances obtained are in a similar range to those obtained from national inventories using TIER1 or TIER2. Additionally, some regularities in the observed curves were noticed.     

THE ROLE OF MINIMUM VARIANCE THEORY IN DEFINING THE REGIME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LOWER NAMOI-GWYDIR DRAINAGE BASIN1

ABSTRACT: While minimum variance theory appears to offer an explanation for the hydraulic behaviour and regularity among channel systems it is not entirely successful in predicting the regime of a channel system. In the case of the Namoi-Gwydir river system the hydraulic variables velocity, depth, width, slope, friction, and shear appear to govern the behaviour and, hence regime of the channels. The significance of sediment load in determining regime could not be assessed.     

荒漠化土壤养分变化的影响因素研究进展

土壤养分的变化与荒漠化植被演替有密切的关系，当草地生态系统演变为以灌丛为主的生态系统时，土壤养分的空间变异性增强，形成以灌丛为核心的“肥岛”；风蚀是造成荒漠化土壤养分迁移的重要动力，而降尘对荒漠化表层土壤养分具有富集作用；如果降尘作用大于风蚀作用，土壤养分将增加，如亚马逊盆地通过降尘每年获得的磷为1-4kg／hm^2。水蚀也是荒漠化地区土壤养分损失的主要途径，灌丛生境每年径流的损失量比草地生境的径流损失量大得多，而且草地生境发生荒漠化时其灌丛的入侵可能与土壤氮素的损失有关。在荒漠化地区，火烧可导致凋落物中43％的全氮在燃烧中逸失，火烧后土壤的侵蚀模数增加，频繁的火烧会导致灌丛草原的“肥岛”消失。对荒漠化地区自然土壤的农业开垦一般导致土壤有机质质量分数的下降，风蚀作用加强而往往导致土壤退化；但经过恢复植被和土壤改良，表层土壤养分可明显提高。目前专门针对荒漠化土壤养分循环的模型尚未报道；但荒漠化地区主要集中于干旱、半干旱地区的草原、荒漠草原地区，针对草地生态系统中土壤C、N、P、S等养分循环已经有不少模型，如EIPC模型、SPUR模型、CENTRUY模型等；它们也可以用来揭示荒漠化土壤的养分循环以及与荒漠化之间的关系；把这些模型进一步与GIS相结合，研究区域尺度上土壤养分的变化与荒漠化的关系更有现实价值。文章从多方面概括了风蚀、水蚀、火烧、植被演替、农业措施对荒漠化土壤养分的影响，以及目前荒漠化土壤养分的空间变异和荒漠化土壤养分循环的定量化研究现状。     

Comparisons between air-transport models via bootstrapped significance tests

The bootstrap resampling method is used to help with the intercomparison of air transport models. Time-by-time analysis of variance and follow up simultaneous comparisons are proposed which do not rely on distributional assumptions for the predictions of the models and which allow errors to be postulated in the observed values of the phenomena under investigation. The techniques are demonstrated using some data from the APSIS experiment.     

厨房油烟湿式迷宫分离净化设备的实验研究

利用油烟的特点,在水雾水膜式油烟净化基础上建立迷宫分离油烟装置.从降低能耗和提高油烟捕集效率的角度出发,利用统计学方法建立数学模型,按照正交设计布置试验,进行因素方差分析,应用SPSS、MATLAB软件进行正交设计数据处理,实现产品的结构优化.结果表明,湿式迷宫分离段的最优结构布置方式为:分离装置空腔直径为15 mm、宽度50 mm及表面波纹角度90°,并采用插板式滤油水箱治理含油废水,减少二次污染.本装置在传统油烟分离技术的基础上,结合离心分离、冷凝凝并、液体吸收净化、碱性除油等作用,提高了复合油烟净化设备的净化效率,减少油烟雾中的过水量,其最佳油烟气净化效率可达到96.91%.     

赤峰市城区大气监测点位代表性与可比性验证

本文针对赤峰市９５－９７年监测数据运用的因素方差分析法及《国家环境监测网络大气监测点位验收标准》规定的数据检查指标验证方法，对需区三个大气监测点位愈生与可比性进行了验证，验证结果表明：松山一中测点代表性较差；其余各点位及其点位之间符合标准要求，并无显著差异，具有良好的代表性和可比性。     

方差分析法在白城月亮湖水库水质分析中的应用

利用相关系数法及SNK检验方法对1996—2005年白城月亮湖水库水中高锰酸盐指数、氨氮和溶解氧等监测数据进行分析，结果显示氨氮污染加重，溶解氧含量降低，pH值在10a中没有显著变化。整体水质较前10a有所改善。     

Cleaner red mud residue production at an alumina plant by applying experimental design techniques in the filtration stage

Red mud is a residue obtained by the Bayer process during alumina production, and its disposal is an environmental problem due to its caustic nature, metal and radionuclide content and alkalinity. The present study analyzed five different filtration factors with two levels each in order to improve filtration and, thus, reduce the caustic content of this residue. This study was conducted at the Alumina do Norte do Brasil S.A (ALUNORTE) alumina plant, located in Pará, Brazil, in one of the six filters at the plant. Results show that the condensate is the primary factor in caustic red mud concentrations, followed by dilution, rotation and level of the basin filter. The interactions between dilution and the level of the basin filter were considered significant, as was the interaction amongst the three effects: dilution, level of the basin filter and vacuum. The model adjustment regarding the filtration process allows for the production of a final red mud product with lower caustic concentrations, resulting in economic advantages due to higher caustic recovery in filtration and lower caustic concentration in the red mud residue, which leads to an environmentally safer residue.