工厂的氟污染对蔬菜含氟量的影响

上海某厂生产氟利昂和氢氟酸等化工产品,排放的废水、废气中含有大量氟化物。该厂排放的废气中氟化氢的量相当于全市氟化氢总排放量的50％左右。     

生物质分类表征温度对蔬菜废物好氧降解过程的影响

通过对不同温度下蔬菜废物的好氧降解试验,研究了温度对蔬菜废物好氧降解过程的影响.结果表明,温度对易降解蔬菜废物的降解有促进作用,50℃时叶菜皮第14 d有机物降解率高达60.2%,比其在37℃时第18 d降解率高9.9%;糖类降解率差异是其差距的主要来源,这主要是由于高温刺激了降解过程细菌的增殖.对于难降解蔬菜废物茭白壳,37℃时第18 d降解率为46.1%,比其在50℃时降解至第14 d时高9%;纤维素降解率差异是其差距的主要来源,这主要是因为中温有利于嗜温放线菌数量的增加.研究结果揭示了根据蔬菜废物生物质组成特征控制堆肥化过程温度,有利于改善蔬菜废物好氧降解程度.     

华北平原不同生产模式设施蔬菜生命周期环境影响评价

全面系统地评价不同生产模式下设施蔬菜生产过程的环境效应,可为降低蔬菜生产过程中的负面环境影响提供理论指导.本文以华北平原河北省曲周县4 a春茬设施茄子生产为例,采用田间实测结合生命周期评价的方法,分析和比较了该地区常规、综合和有机生产模式下设施茄子的生产过程及其对环境的影响.结果表明,3种模式的水体毒性、富营养化和土壤毒性危害潜势对环境影响的贡献较大,分别占82.05%~84.02%、10.29%~12.32%和2.62%~3.48%,且主要发生在农作子系统中,均主要是由氮磷流失、农药残留及有机肥所携带的重金属所致.综合模式的环境影响综合指数最低,为0.596,分别比常规和有机模式降低了30.3%和6.7%,该模式显著降低了设施蔬菜农作子系统的污染物排放,为最佳生产模式.因此,优化田间管理措施(如施用生物农药、优质有机肥和提高氮磷利用效率)可较好地控制蔬菜生产生命周期负面环境影响及提高该地区设施蔬菜生产的环境可持续能力.     

银川市东郊设施蔬菜基地土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征及健康风险评价

在宁夏银川市东郊设施蔬菜基地共采集49个表层土样,采用气相色谱质谱联用检测方法,分析了土壤中16种邻苯二甲酸酯(Phthalate esters,PAEs)化合物含量,并对其污染分布、污染特征进行了评价,同时对美国EPA和欧盟优先控制的6种PAEs进行了人体暴露的健康风险评价.结果表明,银川市东郊设施蔬菜基地土壤中16种邻苯二甲酸酯化合物(∑16PAEs)的含量范围为2.123~17.271 mg·kg~(-1),平均值和中位数分别为5.120和4.324 mg·kg~(-1).土样中DMP、DEP、Dn BP、DIBP和DEHP的检出率为100%.其中,DMP、Dn BP和DEHP是研究区土壤中PAEs污染物的主要组成部分,DMP、Dn BP和DEHP分别占∑16PAEs总量的46.03%、26.55%和10.32%,三者之和占∑16PAEs的82.79%,占美国EPA 6种优先控制污染物水平的86.16%.对人体健康风险评价表明,研究区6种优先控制化合物对人体产生的非致癌风险均1,未超过EPA推荐的非致癌水平,表明非致癌风险在可接受范围之内.对于DEHP单体,居民通过饮食途径的致癌风险为(0.779±1.370)×10-5,超过EPA推荐的致癌水平,应引起一定的重视,而BBP和DEHP其它非饮食途径的致癌风险都在可接受范围,不会对人体健康产生危害.     

Anaerobic digestion in mesophilic and room temperature conditions: Digestion performance and soil-borne pathogen survival

Tomato plant waste(TPW) was used as the feedstock of a batch anaerobic reactor to evaluate the effect of anaerobic digestion on Ralstonia solanacearum and Phytophthora capsici survival. Batch experiments were carried out for TS(total solid) concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6% respectively, at mesophilic(37 ± 1°C) and room(20–25°C) temperatures. Results showed that higher digestion performance was achieved under mesophilic digestion temperature and lower TS concentration conditions. The biogas production ranged from 71 to 416 L/kg VS(volatile solids). The inactivation of anaerobic digestion tended to increase as digestion performance improved. The maximum log copies reduction of R. solanacearum and P. capsici detected by quantitative PCR(polymerase chain reaction) were 3.80 and 4.08 respectively in reactors with 4% TS concentration at mesophilic temperatures. However, both in mesophilic and room temperature conditions, the lowest reduction of R. solanacearum was found in the reactors with 6% TS concentration, which possessed the highest VFA(volatile fatty acid) concentration. These findings indicated that simple accumulation of VFAs failed to restrain R. solanacearum effectively, although the VFAs were considered poisonous. P. capsici was nearly completely dead under all conditions. Based on the digestion performance and the pathogen survival rate, a model was established to evaluate the digestate biosafety.     

天津污灌区内气态汞的污染特征及在叶菜类蔬菜中的富集

污灌区土壤相当于一个巨大的汞(Hg)源向水体和大气释放汞,挥发的气态汞可以通过植物叶片的气孔进入植物体内,严重威胁着当地农产品安全及人类健康.天津污灌区是汞污染的重灾区之一,本研究选取天津污灌区内某稻田(污灌约30a)、菜田(污灌约15 a)和污灌区边缘某草地(无污灌史,对照)作为监测地点,以5种常见叶菜(菠菜、苋菜、油菜、生菜、韭菜)作为生物监测实验对象,考察污灌区内产地土壤、大气汞的浓度及其在叶菜中的富集特征.结果表明:1经过长期污灌,稻田和菜田土壤汞含量已显著高于区域土壤汞背景含量和土壤环境质量标准一级标准,但未超过二级.对照草地土壤汞含量在背景含量与一级标准之间.稻田和菜地大气环境已受到较为严重的汞污染,气态总汞均值分别为71.3 ng·m-3和39.2ng·m-3,远高于北半球大气总汞含量的背景水平(1.5~2.0 ng·m-3),对照草地总汞含量平均为9.4 ng·m-3.2叶菜汞含量与污灌区气态汞含量对数之间呈现极显著的线性关系,5种叶菜对污灌区气态汞的敏感程度依次为菠菜>苋菜>韭菜>油菜>生菜.菠菜和苋菜Hg含量的中位值及平均值均超出食品卫生限量标准,其中菠菜的中位值及均值在20μg·kg-1以上,其余3种叶菜中位值及均值在限量值标准以下.3污灌区内叶菜Hg来源主要通过叶片吸收气态汞进入植株体内,而非颗粒态汞.研究表明在污灌地区种植叶菜,不仅需要考虑土壤污染的因素,也需要考虑气态汞暴露的风险.     

基于地统计学和GIS的土壤和蔬菜重金属的环境质量评价

以浙江省上虞市东关镇为例,利用地统计学与GIS技术相结合的方法揭示了该地区土壤与蔬菜重金属含量的空间分布特征,并评价其重金属的环境质量状况,在参照评价标准的基础上,绘制了土壤与蔬菜重金属的空间分布图,并对其成因进行了探讨.结果表明:东关镇大部分田块存在着重金属分布不均的情况;Cu、Zn的含量偏低,Pb、Cd含量偏高;全镇土壤和蔬菜重金属含量的空间变异很大,土壤重金属的全量与有效态含量之间存在显著的正相关,空间分布存在一定相似形,与蔬菜的空间分布则存在很大的区别,蔬菜重金属含量与土壤重金属的含量有一定的相关性,基本都未达到显著水平;小青菜中Zn和Cu的含量未超标,Pb、Cd则超标.     

化工厂排放SO2对周围植物的影响

对某厂区及常年盛行风下风向地区植物受ＳＯ２危害情况进行了调查，并测定了部分植物叶片中的硫含量。从植物叶片中的硫含量可间接地判断大气被ＳＯ２污染的程度及植物对ＳＯ２吸收与抵抗能力的强弱。     

成都市基地蔬菜品种结构、供求指数及上市期气候分析

根据成都市1991～2000年基地蔬菜历年上市量与同期气象资料进行统计分析表明,如人均日占有量250g,全年供应均衡;如人均日供应量400g,则全年缺菜13.3万t,其中3～4月、9～10月为淡季,且上市期主要集中在5～9月.本研究为成都市蔬菜品种、产业结构调整决策提供依据.     

Water farms and transfer conflicts in Arizona,USA: A proposed resolution process

Water is a relatively scarce resource in Arizona, especially since the recent urban growth booms of Phoenix and Tucson. Arizona's 1980 Groundwater Management Act was the precursor to current water-transfer conflicts between urban buyers, rural farmers, and third parties. Water farms are bought with the intention to transfer their appurtenant groundwater to the two major metropolitan areas. As water markets have emerged, differing values and public interest issues have become apparent, while the state legislature attempts to resolve inequities. Site-specific transfer disputes, as well as policy-making conflicts, offer suitable situations for a mediation process. Equity- and efficiency-based criteria are suggested as the basis for resolving water-transfer conflicts, and a mediation process is proposed. However, third parties must develop an agenda, and a balance of power should be attained before mediation can effectively forge an agreement on water-transfer policies. The attainment of statewide policies generated through a mediated process has the potential to expand long-range regional water planning and management.