The need for innovative strategies to improve immunisation services in rural Zimbabwe

Gokwe South, a rural district in Midlands Province, Zimbabwe, reported the lowest rate of immunisation coverage in the country in 2005: 55 per cent of children vaccinated with three doses of diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus vaccine (DPT3) and 35 per cent dropout between the first and third dose of DPT. In January 2007, the authors assessed local barriers to immunisation and proposed strategies to improve immunisation rates in the district, in the face of nationwide economic and political challenges. A situational analysis was performed to assess barriers to immunisation using focus-group discussions with health workers, key informant interviews with health management and community leaders, and desk reviews of records. Responses were categorised and solutions proposed. Health workers and key informants reported that immunisation service delivery was hampered by insufficient availability of gas for cold-chain equipment, limited transport and fuel to conduct basic activities, and inadequate staff and supervision. Improving coverage will require prioritising gas for vaccine cold-chain equipment, identifying reliable transportation or alternative transportation solutions, and increased staff, training and supervision. Local assessment is critical to pinpointing site-specific barriers, and innovative strategies are needed to overcome existing contextual challenges.     

应用遥感监测技术分析扬州市五年植被覆盖状况

利用扬州市2006—2010年间卫星遥感数据,对扬州市植被覆盖状况进行了研究。首先对遥感影像进行几何校正,其次对遥感影像进行解译,提取植被覆盖信息,计算扬州市植被覆盖指数,同时对扬州市近5年植被覆盖进行了动态变化分析。研究表明,扬州市近5年林地面积大幅度提高,植被覆盖指数逐年增加,生态环境状况逐年好转。     

Evolution of newspaper coverage of water issues in Australia during 1843–2011

News accounts both reflect and influence public opinion through their noted ‘agenda-setting’ capability. We examined newspaper articles in Australia’s The Sydney Morning Herald from 1843 to 2011 to observe the evolution of media coverage on water issues related to water resources management. The results showed that water supply-related articles have dominated the reporting of water issues since 1843. This emphasis is reflected in the institutions involved and their related policy/management initiatives, as well as the themes of the articles. Extreme events such as flooding and drought have punctuated the historical record of reports on water issues. An economic development-driven tone was overwhelmingly predominant in newspaper articles (85 % of the total); however, there has been a marked decline in the importance of development-driven tone relative to environmental-sustainability oriented tone of articles since 1994. People from academia and NGOs were rarely quoted. Inclusion of wider range stakeholders should be considered as a strategic break-through and natural events should be considered as an “opportunity” to change public opinion on water issues for environmental sustainability.     

Do Conservative Media Provide a Forum for Skeptical Voices? The Link Between Ideology and the Coverage of Climate Change in British,German, and Swiss Newspapers

This study analyzes whether the ideological orientation of a newspaper has an influence on the salience of skeptical arguments (trend, attribution, impact, and response skeptics) in the coverage of climate change in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland, and examines whether certain newspaper titles act as advocates of the skeptical countermovement. A quantitative content analysis of a broad newspaper sample for each country over the course of one year (June 2012–May 2013) was conducted. The results reveal that conservative newspapers do not amplify skeptical voices in general; the difference between conservative and more liberal outlets is only found in the case of impact and response skepticism. Second, in each country, certain conservative newspapers are particularly open to skeptical arguments.     

1982-2006年中国东部秋季植被覆盖变化过程的区域差异

为进一步认识1982-2006年中国东部秋季植被覆盖变化过程及其区域差异,论文分析了1982-2006年9-10月归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)的多年平均状况和年际变化,并通过聚类分析辨识了NDVI变化过程的主要模态,进而探讨了它们与温度和降水变化的相关关系。结果表明:(1)中国东部秋季森林的覆盖度最高,农田次之,草原最低,并表现出1998年之前趋于增加、此后趋于锐减的变化特征;(2)不同区域植被覆盖变化过程不尽相同,整个研究区植被覆盖变化过程可以分为6种模态,其中①东北地区呈波动上升趋势,②内蒙古高原东北部1982-1998年波动上升、1998年后陡然降低,③华北北部-东北南部呈现跃迁式上升,跃迁年份为1994年,④华北南部表现为先降低后略微增加,趋势转折出现在2000年,⑤江淮地区呈现为1982-1992年波动增加、1992-2006年波动降低,⑥长江及其以南地区表现为陡然下降,突变始于2000年;(3)除了内蒙古高原东北部降水变化能够解释植被覆盖度年际变率的66%以外,华北北部-东北南部的植被覆盖与降水具有正相关关系,秦岭-大巴山-长江中下游及以南地区的植被覆盖与同期温度呈显著正相关,但是降水或温度仅能够解释植被覆盖年际变率的21%,其余地区植被覆盖与气候变化没有显著的相关关系。     

基于TM影像的弥勒县植被覆盖变化率研究

归一化植被指数（NDVI）是目前用以表征植被覆盖、生长状况的一个简单、有效的度量参数。本文以弥勒县1992年4月及2006年6月的两景不同时期的TM影像数据为基础,提取NDVI植被指数并进行优化处理,做出植被覆盖的基本分类,并将所得数字图像在Arcgis平台上进行面积统计,最后通过统计变化数据得到弥勒县的植被覆盖变化情况。     

媒体报道、政府监管与企业环境信息披露

在中国经济和媒体环境发生巨大变革的情况下,外部压力对上市公司环境信息披露的影响研究面临新的社会背景。基于传播学议程设置理论、关注理论与信号传递理论,本文以2016年沪深A股八大重污染行业的315家上市公司为研究对象,研究了媒体报道与政府监管对上市公司环境信息披露水平的影响。其中,媒体类型既考虑了传统纸媒,也考虑了以新浪微博为代表的网络新媒体,政府监管方面采用2014年调整后的PITI指数对监管力度进行评价。研究发现,媒体报道数量越大,上市公司环境信息披露的内容越丰富,但并不能提高其信息披露质量;上市公司环境信息披露质量主要受媒体报道倾向性的影响,而媒体报道的数量对其影响较弱;地方政府对企业环境信息公开的监管力度对企业环境信息披露的影响并不显著。此外,随着地方政府监管力度的加大,媒体对企业的关注度下降,导致政府监管在媒体监督企业环境信息过程中具有一定的削弱作用。研究表明,随着近年来生态环境保护法制化进程的大力推进,环境制度约束相对舆论监督,在企业信息披露过程中发挥着越来越重要的作用。     

The US News Media,Polarization on Climate Change,and Pathways to Effective Communication

The news media are a central source of information about climate change for most people. Through frames, media transmit information that shape how people understand climate change as well as the actions they are ultimately willing to support to address the problem. This article reviews the rise of climate change in the US news media and the emergence of related frames in public discourse. In doing so, it traces the roots of partisan divisions over climate change and highlights the role that events, journalistic practices, technological changes, and individual-level factors such as ideological and partisan identity have played in fostering polarization. The article concludes by identifying the core challenges facing communicators who seek to build consensus for action on climate change and highlights the most viable solutions for achieving success.     

车尔臣河流域土地利用变化及生态环境效应分析

借助ArcGIS与ERDAS软件,以1990年、2000年、2010年遥感影像Landsat TM/ETM为数据源,提取3期车尔臣河流域土地利用/覆盖利用图.在土地利用类型与区域生态风险之间的经验联系基础上,推求出土地利用类型生态风险指数,进而获得研究区域生态安全指数,建立了车尔臣河土地利用类型与生态环境之间的数量关系.同时,在空间尺度上将研究区分为若干特定研究单元,并对整体及局部地区进行生态环境质量动态分析.结果表明:1990—2010年间,车尔臣河流域总体生态环境指数呈逐步升高趋势,但生态环境质量的改善与恶化两种趋势并存,并在特定研究单元上出现明显的区域分异特征;盐碱地向耕地、林地及低覆盖度草地的转化,低覆盖度草地向林地的转化和未利用地向耕地的转化是环境改善的主导因素,林地与中覆盖度草地向盐碱地和未利用地的转化是环境恶化的主导因素.     

三江源区草地生态系统质量及其动态变化

为探讨三江源区2000—2010年草地植被的时空演变特征,定量评价三江源区草地生态系统质量及其动态变化,采用植被覆盖度和NPP 2个生态参数,分析三江源区草地生态系统的时间变化特征和空间分布规律.结果表明:2000—2010年三江源区草地年均植被覆盖度为26.89%,年均NPP（以C计）为34.35 g/m2,11 a间二者均呈增加趋势.三江源区草地质量具有明显的季节性变化特征,呈南高北低、东高西低的空间分布格局.从11 a的平均结果来看,三江源区草地植被覆盖度在8月达到最大值,约为59.19%;而草地NPP在7月达到最大值,为98.53 g/m2.气温是三江源区草地植被覆盖度变化的主要影响因子,而雨热不同期则造成三江源区草地NPP的年际波动变化.植被覆盖变化是气候变化和人类活动共同作用的结果.研究显示,2000—2010年三江源区草地生态系统质量有所改善,特别是生态工程实施后,草地生态系统质量明显好转.三江源区需在促进农牧业产业升级和资源优化配置的基础上,继续采取积极的减压增效措施,真正实现草畜平衡,达到生态保护的目的.