杭州市区机动车污染物排放特征及分担率

选取杭州市区绕城高速、快速路、主干道和民用支路4种典型道路进行工况测试,建立了2010年机动车CO、HC、NOx和PM10排放清单,获得了分车型、燃料类型、排放标准以及道路类型的机动车污染物排放分担率.结果表明,杭州市机动车的污染物排放分担率差别显著,乘用车、出租车和公交车是CO和HC排放的主要来源,重型货车和公交车是NOx和PM10排放的主要来源,且乘用车的NOx排放分担率也较大;柴油车的NOx和PM10的排放分担率远大于其保有量的贡献率,是其排放的主要来源,汽油车是CO和HC排放的主要来源;占保有量30%的国0和国I车辆,对CO、HC、NOx和PM10排放分担率分别为67%、69%、58%和82%;主干道是机动车CO、HC和NOx排放的主要来源,其排放分担率分别为66%、65%和64%,民用支路是PM10排放的主要来源,分担率为55%.     

MESIP∗: Modelling environmental scenarios in ponds

MESIP is a fugacity model which can predict the fate of organic hydrophobic chemicals in aquatic ecosystems. In this paper a short introduction to the mathematical model is presented together with a more detailed listing of the required input data. Comparison of the calculated and measured fate of a fluorescent whitening compound in an artificial outdoor pond is shown     

Particulate and semivolatile associated aliphatic hydrocarbon exhaust emission from heavy duty diesel vehicles

The exhaust emissions from two heavy duty diesel vehicles running on eight different fuel compositions were investigated regarding their content of high molecular weight (≥ C₁₂) aliphatic/ olefinic hydrocarbons. It was concluded that the emitted amount of semi‐volatile associated aliphatic hydrocarbons (range C₁₂‐C₂₂) depend on the fuel used in the engines and that these emissions mainly consisted of uncombusted fuel components. It was also found that uncombusted engine lubrication oil was the main constituent of the emitted particulate associated aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₇‐C₄₀). These constituted between 58% and 95% of the total emissions of the high molecular weight aliphatic compounds. Emission factors for the total of high molecular aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₂‐C₄₀) were demonstrated to be in the range of 15–100 mg/km. Some individual aliphatic hydrocarbons with cocarcinogenic effects were identified and quantified in both particulate and semi‐volatile phases of the exhaust. Multivariate data analysis was used to investigate the relationship between fuel parameters and emission of semi‐volatile aliphatic emission.     

大城市机动车污染物排放与控制的情景预测

机动车排放控制措施的有效实施对改善城市大气环境质量具有重要意义. 以北京市为例,利用情景预测法评估2011—2020年各项控制措施对城市机动车常规污染物(CO、NO_x、HC、PM₁₀)的削减效果.建立Gompertz模型并估算动态车龄分布以预测机动车保有量,运用排放因子法估算6种机动车排放控制情景的污染物削减量. 结果表明:与基准情景相比,轻型客车保有量调控情景对CO、HC和PM₁₀的削减效果较显著,在2020年可分别削减7.81%、9.88%和5.78%;排放标准更新情景对4种污染物均能有效削减,尤其是对NO_x和PM₁₀,可分别削减21.19%和24.67%;而淘汰高排放机动车情景的短期削减效果显著,但中、长期效果较差;新能源车推广情景因受到经济、技术条件的限制,削减效果较弱;综合情景考虑了以上所有的削减控制措施并达到最大的削减效果,2020年对CO、NO_x、HC和PM₁₀的削减率分别达到29.45%、42.54%、28.04%和41.30%,与基准年(2010年)相比,分别削减约2.81×105、0.63×104、3.77×104和0.17×104t.      

冶金行业环境污染物的特征与监测技术综述

冶金行业是国民经济重要的基础原材料工业,在其制造体系中大量的物质、产品流、废弃物、能量转换过程、多形式的排放过程都对环境造成不同层次和程度上的影响。针对不同工艺产生的污染物特征及主要污染物的种类,综述了环境监测运用的各类监测技术、监测方法,为环境管理、污染源控制、环境规划等提供科学依据。     

Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons During Diesel Combustion

Identification and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Diesel exhaust in the working environment and assessment of workers’ occupational exposure to these suspected human carcinogens were the aim of this experimental investigation.

The range of exposure factors calculated on the basis of 9 individual PAH concentrations determined in personal air samples shows that time-averaged concentration of these compounds did not exceed the Polish Maximum Admissible Concentration (MAC) value for PAHs, that is, 2 μg·m^–3. The highest concentrations of PAHs were determined in the breathing zone of forklift operators. The maximum exposure factor was 0.427 μg·m^–3 (about 1/4 of MAC).     

轻型机动车尾气排放标准的比较

介绍了不同国家及地区的轻型机动车尾气排放标准,总结了不同标准中车辆类型的划分准则,比较了各标准严格程度的差异。解释了中国采用欧洲排放标准的必要性,阐述了提高排放标准对控制环境污染的重要作用,对未来相关政策的制定提出一些建议。     

Numerical study on the ozone formation inside street canyons using a chemistry box model

Tropospheric ozone is a secondary air pollutant produced in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NO_x),volatile organic compounds (VOCs),and solar radiation.In an urban environment,ground-level vehicular exhaust is the major anthropogenic source of ozone precursors.In the cases of street canyons,pollutant dilution is weakened by the surrounding buildings that creates localized high concentration of NO_x and VOCs,and thus leads to high potential of ozone formation.By considering the major physical and chemica...     

汽车零部件耐腐蚀测试研究分析

本文介绍了汽车零部件的四种耐腐蚀试验,它们的用途、主要特点和评价方法.     

城市轨道交通多层地下车站公共区排烟方案设计

随着城市轨道交通线网建设的发展,后建线路深埋将会加大,地下车站也将由原来常规的两层变为多层。车站深埋后对人员疏散和排烟系统提出了新的课题。在分析了地铁排烟系统设计与民用建筑的区别的基础上,研究提出了多层车站排烟系统设计及运行模式,包括站台、站厅及中间层的排烟系统方案及运行模式设计,可为同行提供参考。