有机酸土柱淋洗法修复重金属污染土壤

通过室内模拟实验,采用土柱淋洗方法,研究草酸、柠檬酸、乙酸和酒石酸溶液对某电镀厂附近土壤中重金属的去除效果。探讨了淋洗剂浓度、淋洗次数和淋洗时间等对淋洗效果的影响,研究草酸淋洗前后土壤中重金属形态的变化。结果表明,淋洗过程中铬的去除效果明显滞后于铜、锌和镍3种重金属离子。1 mol/L的草酸在土水比为1∶1,淋洗5h,淋洗4次的条件下可以达到最佳淋洗效果,Cu、Zn、Ni和Cr的去除率分别是99.6%、66.98%、88.7%和18.23%。     

Transport of chlorinated dioxins and furans in soil columns: modeling pentachlorophenol pole-treating oil influence

Column experiments were conducted to validate a screening model predicting the influence of pentachlorophenol (PCP) pole-treating oil on the vertical migration of its impurities, chlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs). PCP pole-treating oil (15 mL d⁻¹) and water (20 mL d⁻¹) were added daily to the top of sand and organic soil columns during 35 d. Column soil samples were analyzed to determine concentrations of hydrocarbons and PCDD/Fs at several depths in the columns (0-30 cm) and their evolution in time (7, 14, 21 and 35 d).The model predicted a significant vertical migration of PCDD/Fs due to the presence of oil as a free phase and PCDD/Fs were found in the different column layers at concentrations consistent with model predictions (same order of magnitude). Measured PCDD/Fs concentrations are in total disagreement with literature data and with model prediction in the absence of oil free phase, which implies PCDD/F properties alone cannot be used to predict their fate in the current context: the influence of PCP pole-treating oil must be accounted for to properly explain their migration.     

旅游相关企业松散型纵向一体化战略联盟研究

我国旅游产业发展水平不高,其深层次的原因是旅游产业链中存在着严重的纵向外部性问题。在借助演化博弈思想对旅游产业链中经济主体的决策行为进行深入分析后,认为纵向一体化战略联盟能有效提升旅游产业链和相关主体利益,在传统的纵向一体化联盟基础上提出了一种界于市场和企业,但又不同于完全一体化的"混合"组织形式——松散型纵向一体化战略联盟,并初步描绘了这一联盟模式的构建过程。     

Detection of DDT and its metabolites in two estuaries of South China using a SPME-based device: First report of p,p′-DDMU in water column

A solid-phase microextration-based sampling method was employed to determine the concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and its metabolites, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethene (DDE) and 1-chloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethene (DDMU), in two estuarine bays, Daya Bay and Hailing Bay, of South China. Six DDT components including p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDE, and p,p′-DDMU were detected in Hailing Bay, while only p,p′-DDD was found in Daya Bay. p,p′-DDD was the most abundant DDT component in both bays, sharply different from the previous finding in the water column of the Palos Verdes Shelf, California, USA that p,p′-DDE was prevalent. In addition, the occurrence of p,p′-DDMU (with a range of 0.047-0.21 ng/L in Hailing Bay) has not been reported around the globe, and its presence in our study region appeared to stem from dehydrochlorination of p,p′-DDD, favored under aerobic conditions, but further investigations are clearly needed to confirm the mechanism for generation of DDMU in estuarine environments.     

Leaching,mobility and persistence of tebufenozide in columns packed with forest litter and soil

Abstract

Leaching, downward mobility and persistence of tebufenozide was investigated under laboratory conditions in columns packed with forest litter and soil, after fortification with the analytical grade material (purity > 99.6%) and with two commercial formulations, RH‐5992 2F (aqueous flowable) and RH‐5992 ES (emulsion suspension). Two types of litter and soil were used: one type with relatively high amounts of sand and the other with high amounts of clay.

The concentrations eluted in the leachates were lower when the analytical material (dissolved in acetone) was used for fortification, than when the two formulations (diluted with water) were used. The amount leached was higher for RH‐5992 2F than for RH‐5992 ES. The type of substrate, i.e., sandy or clay type, had only marginal influence on the amounts eluted in the leachates. Downward movement of tebufenozide from the top 2‐cm layer to the untreated middle and bottom layers (3‐cm segments) was consistently lower when the analytical material was used for fortification, than when the two formulations were used. Downward movement was higher for RH‐5992 2F than for RH‐5992 ES. Persistence of tebufenozide in substrates, maintained under submerged conditions for 70 days after leaching, indicated an initial 2‐week lag period prior to the onset of degradation. Formulation‐related differences were observed in the half‐life (DT₅₀) values. When the analytical material was used for fortification, the DT₅₀ ranged from ca 54 to 59 d. However, when the formulations were used for fortification, the DT₅₀ showed a higher range, i.e., from ca 62 to 67 d for RH‐5992 2F and ca 70 to 80 d for RH‐5992 ES. Formulation ingredients appear to have caused enhanced adsorption of tebufenozide onto the substrates, thus delaying degradation.     

绵阳市代表性点位土壤多环芳烃剖面分布特征

通过挑选绵阳市有代表性的点位土壤柱，应用GC MS分析土壤柱垂直剖面中多环芳烃的含量水平，得出其垂直剖面分布特征。结果表明：5~20 cm深度中的PAHs含量最高，40 cm以下则含量锐减。由于表层（0～5 cm）土壤与大气之间的土气交换频繁，PAHs含量相对较低，而5~20 cm处土壤受到表层土壤的遮盖，PAHs富集较高，含量达到整个土壤柱最高值。多环芳烃总体垂直剖面分布特征表现出随深度增加含量减少的趋势。PAHs总含量以江油市点位(33024 ng/g)最高，其次是三台县点位(29989 ng/g)，最低是游仙区点位(11274 ng/g)。研究区主要污染物为Nap、Phe和Chr/y。其中不同的土质、种植物都能影响PAHs的富集和迁移速率，导致含量在不同深度上产生变化。此外，参照有关环境质量标准，发现PAHs总量上江油市点位与三台县点位属于轻微污染、游仙区点位则属于无污染。     

立式加热炉节能减排可行性研究

大庆油田原稳装置采用立式加热炉,烟气中存在大量的废热。在现有装置运行中,烟气直接排放,浪费了大量的热量。通过在实验装置中可回收废热资源及废热回收技术研究,采用热管技术回收烟气废热,用于预热空气,不仅会节能降耗,给企业创造可观的经济效益,还会减少大气污染,创造良好的社会效益。     

PRB强化垂直流人工湿地系统处理煤矿废水

针对常规人工湿地系统处理高浊含氮磷的有机煤矿废水不佳的问题,采用PRB与人工湿地耦合的方法,进行砂箱模拟实验研究。实验结果表明,由无烟煤、钢渣及沸石构建的PRB强化垂直流人工湿地系统对NH4+-N、PO34--P、Mn2+、COD、SS的去除率分别达到88.84%、96.08%、98.98%、85.78%和94.00%,与常规人工湿地相比,具有处理效率高、水力负荷大、占地面积小等特点,更便于运行管理。     

石油污染土壤原位生物修复的强化实验研究

为研究添加营养物质和高效降解石油微生物对油污土壤生物修复的作用,通过分层土柱的方法,连续监测了不同条件下不同土层的含水率、石油烃含量、细菌数量及脱氢酶活性。结果表明:添加营养物质同时接种高效微生物可使降解效果明显改善,降解率比在自然条件下提高近50%,而单纯添加营养物质不接种高效微生物可使降解率比在自然条件下提高约25%。降解初期,上层土壤降解效果较好,而到中后期,中下层降解效果好于上层。微生物数量和脱氢酶活性与石油降解率之间存在良好的相关性,脱氢酶活性比微生物数量更能反映修复过程中微生物的存活状态。添加营养物质和高效降解石油微生物对油污土壤原位生物修复具有强化作用。     

生物强化处理石油污染土壤理化性质和微生物学特性的纵向分布特征

采用原位强化生物修复技术对某区块石油污染土壤进行为期16个月的生物修复,考察了处置后污染土壤理化性质、微生物学特性以及石油烃组成的纵向分布特征。实验结果表明,经过修复后各土层的石油烃去除率是表层土IN-3(50.42%)中层土IN-2(23.54%)底层土IN-1(10.51%);IN-1处于缺氧环境,存在硫酸盐还原和反硝化作用,使得土壤pH值从7.86±0.03降低至7.27±0.03,土壤总氮从2.53±0.13 g/kg降低至0.77±0.04 g/kg;厌氧菌的种群数量是IN-1(10.43±0.71×104CFU/g)IN-3(6.74±0.39×104CFU/g)IN-2(5.15±0.42×104CFU/g),放线菌数量与石油烃含量显著负相关(r=-0.989,p=0.0110.05);IN-3对饱和份和芳香份的降解率最高,分别达到了70.27%和54.52%,远高于IN-2和IN-1;模拟蒸馏结果表明,IN-3正构烷烃得到了很大程度的去除,缺氧的IN-1对正构烷烃去除得较少;厌氧菌数量与胶质和沥青质去除率之间成正相关关系,对于污染源较为分散的污染区域,采用原位生物强化修复时可以考虑引入厌氧修复。