侧开缝对竖通道内旋转热流场影响的实验研究

为了掌握竖通道两侧开缝对于通道内热流场的影响,在一32cm(长)×32cm(宽)×200cm(高)的竖通道内进行了旋转热流场实验研究,对比了在不同热源条件下,竖通道侧开缝宽度为3.0cm和3.5cm时,侧开缝底部5cm高区域被遮挡前后通道内热流场的变化。实验结果表明,与遮挡前相比,遮挡通道侧开缝底部对火焰燃烧和热流场的运动状态都会产生影响。遮挡通道侧开缝底部区域,会在一定程度上限制外界冷空气进入通道内,从而减弱通道内的火焰旋转程度,致使燃料燃尽的耗时更长,平均火焰高度降低,其影响程度随着燃料池增大而减弱;遮挡侧开缝底部区域后,造成通道内下部区域中心轴线处的温度降低,最大影响区域在50cm高度附近,而在150cm高度以上基本没有影响;平均火焰高度与燃料池直径之比的无量纲量H/Φ与Peclet数之间的比例系数近似为1.732,并且是否遮挡侧开缝底部区域对于两者之间比例关系的影响不大。     

Smart meters for enhanced water supply network modelling and infrastructure planning

To design water distribution network infrastructure, water utilities formulate daily demand profiles and peaking factors. However, traditional methods of developing such profiles and peaking factors, necessary to carry out water distribution network modelling, are often founded on a number of assumptions on how top-down bulk water consumption is attributed to customer connections and outdated demand information that does not reflect present consumption trends; meaning infrastructure is often unnecessarily overdesigned. The recent advent of high resolution smart water meters allows for a new novel methodology for using the continuous ‘big data’ generated by these meter fleets to create evidence-based water demand curves suitable for use in network models. To demonstrate the application of the developed method, high resolution water consumption data from households fitted with smart water meters were collected from the South East Queensland and Hervey Bay regions in Australia. Average day (AD), peak day (PD) and mean day maximum month (MDMM) demand curves, often used in water supply network modelling, were developed from the herein created methodology using both individual end-use level and hourly demand patterns from the smart meters. The resulting modelled water demand patterns for AD, PD and MDMM had morning and evening peaks occurring earlier and lower main peaks (AD: 12%; PD: 20%; MDMM: 33%) than the currently used demand profiles of the regions’ water utility. The paper concludes with a discussion on the implications of widespread smart water metering systems for enhanced water distribution infrastructure planning and management as well as the benefits to customers.     

额头皮脂-角质层中有机磷阻燃剂的垂直分布规律及健康风险评估

皮脂-角质层是有机磷阻燃剂（OPFRs）从环境进入人体皮肤的桥梁，揭示OPFRs在皮脂-角质层中浓度的垂直分布规律，对于准确评估OPFRs的皮肤暴露剂量有重要意义.本研究选取40名在校大学生为志愿者，基于胶带粘贴技术，分5层采集了志愿者额头皮脂-角质层样品，采用气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱仪测定其中9种OPFRs的浓度.结果显示，在校大学生额头5层皮脂-角质层中Σ₉OPFRs的总浓度为1320~3650 ng?m^-2，平均浓度为2550 ng?m^-2.其中TDCIPP含量最高（933 ng?m^-2），TPP最低（3.1 ng?m^-2）；除TPHP男性显著高于女性外（p<0.01），男女额头表面OPFRs负荷无显著性别差异.整体上，9种OPFRs均在表层皮脂中的浓度最高，且随深度增加逐步降低，Σ₉OPFRs在5层皮脂-角质层中的浓度变异系数为71%±22%.基于皮脂-角质层第1和第5层中OPFRs浓度估算其皮肤暴露剂量，分别为1.7×10^-4 ng?kg^-1?d^-1和2.3×10^-5 ng?kg^-1?d^-1，存在显著的差异.由此可知，OPFRs在皮脂-角质层中并非均匀分布，基于擦拭法获取皮肤表层皮脂中OPFRs的平均浓度并用于评估OPFRs皮肤暴露剂量，可能显著高估其生物学实际暴露水平.