The nitrate leached below maize root zone is available for deep-rooted wheat in winter wheat-summer maize rotation in the North China Plain

In winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer maize (Zea mays L.) rotation system in the North China Plain, maize roots do not extend beyond 1.2 m in the vertical soil profile, but wheat roots can reach up to 2.0 m. Increases in soil nitrate content at maize harvest and significant reductions after winter wheat harvest were observed in the 1.4-2.0 m depth under field conditions. The recovery of 15N isotope (calcium nitrate) from various (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2.0 m) soil depths showed that deep-rooting winter wheat could use soil nitrate up to the 2.0 m depth. This accounted partially, for the reduced nitrate in the 1.4-2.0 m depth of the soil after harvest of wheat in the rotation system.     

Geomorphological and geophysical approach for locating favorable groundwater zones in granitic terrain, Andhra Pradesh, India

The increasing demand for fresh water has necessitated the exploration for new sources of groundwater, particularly in hard rock terrain, where groundwater is a vital source of fresh water. A fast, cost effective and economical way of exploration is to study and analyze remote sensing data. Interpreted remote sensing data was used to select sites for carrying out surface geophysical investigations. Various geomorphologic units were demarcated and the lineaments were identified by interpretation of remote sensing satellite images. The potential for occurrence of groundwater in the watershed areas was classified as very good, good, moderate and poor by interpreting the images. Sub-surface geophysical investigations, namely vertical electrical soundings, were carried out to delineate potential water-bearing zones. Integrated studies of interpretation of geomorphologic and geophysical data were used to prepare a groundwater potential map. The studies reveal that the groundwater potential of shallow aquifers is due to geomorphologic features and the potential of deeper aquifers is determined by lineaments such as faults and joints.     

海上固定导管架式平台的振动安全检测及治理

介绍了埕岛油田海上固定导管架式平台的振动安全检测方法,重点对振动隐患治理的程序和方法进行了探讨.     

复合垂直流人工湿地污水处理系统硝化与反硝化作用

研究了复合垂直流人工湿地各基质层的硝化与反硝化菌数量以及硝化与反硝化作用强度.结果表明,基质中硝化菌数量为7.5×10³～1.1×10⁵MPN·g^-1,反硝化菌数量为7.5×10⁶～1.1×10⁷ MPN·g^-1.硝化作用强度为0.01～6.35μg·(g·d)^-1,反硝化作用强度为3.37～4.19μg·(g·d)^-1.沿水流方向硝化菌数量和硝化作用强度明显降低,其变化趋势呈显著正相关(r=0.9661,p＜0.001).反硝化菌数量和反硝化作用强度比较稳定,沿水流方向略有上升,其变化趋势呈显著正相关(r=0.7722,p＜0.025).沿水流方向,硝化作用与反硝化作用强度变化呈显著负相关(r=-0.9776,p＜0.001),这与人工湿地的溶氧状况和污水中氨氮含量较高相一致.     

多维振动环境试验的实践

试验是暴露结构缺陷和鉴定设备承受使用环境能力的一种有效方法。分析了一维振动试验在实际应用中存在的问题,讨论了多维振动试验中常用的多轴振动和声振联合振动两种试验方法和试验条件的确定。     

高含沙紊动系统中泥沙铜的相互作用及其垂向浓度分布

采用谐振式紊动模拟装置 ,通过格栅以一定振幅、不同频率的往复运动 ,在水体中形成均匀紊动场 ,研究紊动对高浓度固液两相系统中泥沙 (黄土 )与铜的相互作用及其垂向浓度分布的影响 ,投沙量 (S)范围为 5kg/m³～800kg/m³.结果表明 ,在均匀紊动条件下 ,黄土对铜的吸附量在S =10kg/m³ 处出现峰值 ,而后随着投沙量的增加而快速下降 .这可能是铜的专性吸附、马兰黄土富含碳酸钙而导致铜的碳酸盐和氢氧化物沉淀 ,以及泥沙浓度效应等过程的共同作用所致 .水相铜浓度随S从 5kg/m³增加到 200kg/m³时快速下降 ,在S>200kg/m³ 的高含沙条件下继续下降趋于 0 .高浓度泥沙紊动水体中 ,水相铜浓度和泥沙吸附铜量的垂向分布分别表现出均匀和波动的不同特点 ,实际含沙量的垂向分布在S<100kg/m³时比较均匀 ,在S>200kg/m³时自上而下逐步增加 .     

95Zr在土壤中的淋溶与垂直迁移

采用土柱法研究了⁹⁵Zr在浙江省有代表性的3种土壤(小粉土、红黄壤和海泥)中的淋溶和垂直迁移及盐度对其行为的影响.结果显示:①淋溶后收集到的全部淋溶水中95Zr的含量较少,250ml、500ml和750ml 3种不同淋溶水量下,小粉土约占原始引入量的5.33%～7.68%,海泥为0.77%～1.32%,红黄壤几乎为0;且随着总的淋溶水量的增加,被淋溶下的⁹⁵Zr的总量变化不明显,表明⁹⁵Zr一旦被土壤吸附,则不易被解吸;②滞留于土壤中的⁹⁵Zr绝大部分分布在土壤表层,小粉土约有45.99%～50.02%的⁹⁵Zr滞留于0～0.4cm土层范围内,红黄壤和海泥则分别为96.02%～97.16%和95.94%～98.01%;③随淋溶水盐度的增加,表层土(0～0.2cm)中⁹⁵Zr的量明显提高,表明水体盐度增加有助于提高土壤对⁹⁵Zr的吸附率     

上海地区霾时气溶胶类型垂直分布的季节变化

采用上海地区2007年1月~2010年11月CALIPSO星载激光雷达Level 2反演资料,对清洁海洋型、沙尘型、大陆污染型、大陆清洁型、污染沙尘型和烟尘型等类型气溶胶垂直分布进行了分析,研究了其季节变化规律.结果表明:霾发生时0~2km高度烟尘型气溶胶出现频率明显高于非霾时,而在2~8km高度,沙尘型、污染沙尘型与大陆污染型明显高于非霾时.0~2km高度春季霾大陆污染型气溶胶出现频率高于其他季节;0~2km夏季污染沙尘型气溶胶与海洋型气溶胶出现频率均高于其他季节,特别是污染沙尘型;秋季霾期间,0~2km高度范围内烟尘型出现频率明显高于2~6km高度;冬季污染沙尘型、烟尘、大陆污染型气溶胶出现频率高于其他季节.     

The effect of texture and irrigation on the soil moisture vertical-temporal variability in an urban artificial landscape: a case study of Olympic Forest Park in Beijing

Soil moisture variability in natural landscapes has been widely studied; however, less attention has been paid to its variability in the urban landscapes with respect to the possible influence of texture stratification and irrigation management. Therefore, a case study was carried out in the Beijing Olympic Forest Park to continuously monitor the soil in three typical profiles from 26 April to 11 November 2010. The texture stratification significantly affected the vertical distribution of moisture in the non-irrigated profile where moisture was mostly below field capacity. In the profile where irrigation was sufficient to maintain moisture above field capacity, gravity flow led to increased moisture with depth and thus eliminated the influence of texture. In the non-irrigated sites, the upper layer (above 80 cm) exhibited long-term moisture persistence with the time scale approximating the average rainfall interval. However, a coarse-textured layer weakened the influence of rainfall, and a fine-textured layer weakened the influence of evapotranspiration, both of which resulted in random noise-like moisture series in the deeper layers. At the irrigated site, frequent irrigation neutralized the influence of evapotranspiration in the upper layer (above 60 cm) and overshadowed the influence of rainfall in the deeper layer. As a result, the moisture level in the upper layer also behaved as a random noise-like series; whereas due to deep transpiration, the moisture of the deep layer had a persistence time-scale longer than a month, consistent with characteristic time-scales found for deep transpiration.     

Combined reticular blind drainage and vertical hierarchical drainage system for landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level

A novel water control technology that combines the features of a reticular blind drainage system and a vertical hierarchical drainage system is developed and applied in the Yanziyan Sanitary Landfill, which is located at an area (Loudi City, Hunan Province, China) with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The reticular blind drain system, which was installed on the bottom and side walls of the landfill site, can conveniently guide the flow of groundwater out of the site while preventing a disorganized flow of groundwater. The vertical hierarchical drainage system was installed to separate rainfall water and leachate in the landfill site, thus efficiently reducing the pressure of leachate treatment. The whole drainage system plays a key role in foundation stabilization by seepage control and separation and in the instant drainage of rainfall water. The leachate reduction efficiency of the drainage technology was calculated in terms of leachate production before (336519 m³) and after (29664 m³) technology application. Over 90% of leachate derived from rainfall water and groundwater inflow was avoided upon installation of the vertical hierarchical drainage and reticular blind drainage systems. The technology can thus be popularized and applied for water control in landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The proposed technology can be used to alleviate the pressure of leachate treatment and to reduce the risk of instability.