高温好氧消化污泥对生物除磷的强化作用初探

由于高温好氧消化(TAD)后的污泥中常含有一定浓度的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA),为考察其对生物除磷系统的影响,通过将TAD污泥上清液与乙酸钠进行磷去除作用的对比试验。表明在厌氧条件下,加入TAD污泥的上清液,会使大量的P释放,磷释放规律及其释放速度均与乙酸钠造成的磷释放相当,因此,可以考虑将高温好氧消化污泥或上清液回流作为一种补充碳源,以强化生物除磷系统的除磷效果。但实际应用中,还要考虑到VFA降解以及回流污泥中的氮磷负荷,而且长期回流还需要进一步的试验验证。     

Performance of rotating drum biofilter for volatile organic compound removal at high organic loading rates

Uneven distribution of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） and biomass, and excess biomass accumulation in some biofilters hinder the application of biofiltration technology. An innovative multilayer rotating drum biofilter （RDB） was developed to correct these problems. The RDB was operated at an empty bed contact time （EBCT） of 30 s and a rotational rate of 1.0 r/min. Diethyl ether was chosen as the model VOC. Performance of the RDB was evaluated at organic loading rates of 32,1, 64.2, 128, and 256 g ether/（m^3·h） （16.06 g ether/（m^3·h） ≈ 1.0 kg chemical oxygen demand （COD）/（m^3·d））. The EBCT and organic loading rates were recorded on the basis of the medium volume. Results show that the ether removal efficiency decreased with an increased VOC loading rate. Ether removal efficiencies exceeding 99% were achieved without biomass control even at a high VOC loading rate of 128 g ether/（m^3·h）. However, when the VOC loading rate was increased to 256 g ether/（m^3·h）, the average removal efficiency dropped to 43%. Nutrient limitation possibly contributed to the drop in ether removal efficiency. High biomass accumulation rate was also observed in the medium at the two higher ether loading rates, and removal of the excess biomass in the media was necessary to maintain stable performance. This work showed that the RDB is effective in the removal of diethyl ether from waste gas streams even at high organic loading rates. The results might help establish criteria for designing and operating RDBs.     

Mixed uncertainty analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon inhalation and risk assessment in ambient air of Beijing

This article presents the application of an integrated method that estimates the dispersion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, and assesses the human health risk associated with PAHs inhalation. An uncertainty analysis method consisting of three components were applied in this study, where the three components include a bootstrapping method for analyzing the whole process associated uncertainty, an inhalation rate (IR) representation for evaluating the total PAH inhalation risk for human health, and a normally distributed absorption fraction (AF) ranging from 0% to 100% to represent the absorption capability of PAHs in human body. Using this method, an integrated process was employed to assess the health risk of the residents in Beijing, China, from inhaling PAHs in the air. The results indicate that the ambient air PAHs in Beijing is an important contributor to human health impairment, although over 68% of residents seem to be safe from daily PAH carcinogenic inhalation. In general, the accumulated daily inhalation amount is relatively higher for male and children at 10 years old of age than for female and children at 6 years old. In 1997, about 1.73% cancer sufferers in Beijing were more or less related to ambient air PAHs inhalation. At 95% confidence interval, approximately 272–309 individual cancer incidences can be attributed to PAHs pollution in the air. The probability of greater than 500 cancer occurrence is 15.3%. While the inhalation of ambient air PAHs was shown to be an important factor responsible for higher cancer occurrence in Beijing, while the contribution might not be the most significant one.     

Toxic e ects of fluoranthene and copper on marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum

To investigate the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals on the population reproduction,antioxidative defense system and cell ultrastructure of the marine diatom,fluoranthene and Cu2 were selected to test their toxicity to Phaeodactylum tricorntum,in the laboratory.The results indicated that both fluoranthene and Cu2 inhibited population reproduction of P.tricorntum.When the algal cells were exposed to fluoranthene or Cu2 for 72 h,ultrastructure damage in the cells was observed un...     

某地区室内挥发性有机物污染状况的调查研究

室内空气污染日益严重,它影响着居室人员的健康和工作效率。文章对所在地区10户典型住宅的室内空气污染状况进行调查研究。按夏冬两季分别连续检测了室内外常见的13类挥发性有机物(VOCs)和3种羟基化合物的浓度以及人员暴露浓度,通过不同住宅、不同污染物浓度测试结果的标准差S.D(.Standard Deviation)值,分析了其污染源特性,并结合问卷调查的方式了解了各污染物浓度的分布特性。     

珠江三角洲地区主要树种叶片多环芳烃含量特征及影响因素分析

应用气相色谱-质谱联用方法测定了珠江三角洲地区6种主要树种叶片多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并对相应的叶脂含量、叶面积、比叶面积进行了测定,探讨了叶片PAHs含量特征和种间差异的影响因素.结果显示,松针PAHs含量显著高于阔叶,马尾松松针含量最高(1 034.7 ng·g-1),荷木含量最低(199.7 ng·g-1).在所有样品中,芴、菲、荧蒽、芘、世面(艹屈)为主要的PAHs组分,3、4环PAHs含量占∑PAHs的80%以上,各环化合物与∑PAHs在不同显著性水平上呈显著正相关关系.按脂含量计算PAHs含量能大大缩小种间含量的差异,高、低值相差约2倍(分别为6.8 ng·mg-1和2.7 ng·mg-1);按单位叶面积计算的PAHs含量进一步扩大了种间差异,最高值(15.3 ng·cm-2)约最低值(1.9 ng·cm-2)的8倍.进一步分析表明,ΣPAHs、3环PAHs、4环PAHs与脂含量呈良好线性正相关关系、与比叶面积表现出一定的线性负相关关系,显示两者是影响叶片PAHs含量种间差异的重要因素.     

Relative proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons differ between accumulation bioassays and chemical methods to predict bioavailability

Chemical methods to predict the bioavailable fraction of organic contaminants are usually validated in the literature by comparison with established bioassays. A soil spiked with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was aged over six months and subjected to butanol, cyclodextrin and tenax extractions as well as an exhaustive extraction to determine total PAH concentrations at several time points. Earthworm (Eisenia fetida) and rye grass root (Lolium multiflorum) accumulation bioassays were conducted in parallel. Butanol extractions gave the best relationship with earthworm accumulation (r² ≤ 0.54, p ≤ 0.01); cyclodextrin, butanol and acetone-hexane extractions all gave good predictions of accumulation in rye grass roots (r² ≤ 0.86, p ≤ 0.01). However, the profile of the PAHs extracted by the different chemical methods was significantly different (p < 0.01) to that accumulated in the organisms. Biota accumulated a higher proportion of the heavier 4-ringed PAHs. It is concluded that bioaccumulation is a complex process that cannot be predicted by measuring the bioavailable fraction alone.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from the seeds of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (leguminosae)

Seeds of Enterolobium contortisiliquum were subjected to steam distillation to obtain a light yellow essential oil in a yield of 3 ml/kg of seeds. The major components of the oil were identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and were furfural, limonene, linalool, estragole, carvone, and apiole with carvone representing more than 50% of the total composition. Antimicrobial activities of the essential oil were determined against four species of gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus) and two gram negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia Marcescencs). The essential oil inhibited the growth of all tested bacteria but was most effective against the gram positive bacteria. Chemicals that are responsible for the antibacterial effect of the essential oil were determined using the bio-autography thin layer chromatography (TLC) technique. The active compounds responsible for the activity were found to be carvone and estragole.     

Biogeochemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons in the benthos of microcosms†

Investigations into the fate of petroleum compounds in the marine environment were carried out using experimental microcosms of two sizes and designs. Aromatic hydrocarbons or No. 2 fuel oil were spiked to the water of a 13 m³ continuous flow system and to a 2281 recycled flow system. The transport and alteration of this oil was traced in the sediment and benthic organisms (Glycera americana, Crepidula sp., and Nephtys incisa) of these microcosms. Measurable contamination was found in both sample types. The aromatic hydrocarbon distribution, including relative isomeric distribution (e.g., C₂‐phenanthrenes) was found to be different in sediment and in organisms from that which was originally introduced to the experimental microcosm. Differences in isomer distribution between Glycera and Crepidula were also detected. Based on the experimental data: molecular weight and specific isomeric form, biochemical processes, solubility, and particle adsorption/desorption influence the fate of petroleum compounds in benthic ecosystems.     

高酚焦化废水萃取脱酚预处理

为了降低高酚焦化废水中挥发酚的浓度，实验研究了磷酸三丁酯煤油溶液在不同条件下对高酚焦化废水进行萃取脱酚预处理的效果。结果表明，萃取时间为8min，磷酸三丁酯煤油浓度为30％，温度低于40％，pH低于8．0，萃取比（油／水）R=1：2时，经过萃取后分水挥发酚浓度由4165mg降低到127．62mg／L，去除率高达96．94％，为后续生化处理奠定了基础。而萃取剂经过氢氧化钠溶液反萃取再生后，萃取剂的回收利用率可达94．25％以上。