Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

青藏高原中晚全新世人类活动的孢粉记录

利用孢粉记录追踪过去人类活动历史及其环境效应的研究较少。本文选取青藏高原28处地层化石孢粉序列,采用直接提取和集成方法获得568条具有年代的伴人孢粉（禾本科、石竹科、杨属、十字花科、委陵菜属、车前属、紫菀属、藜科、狼毒属）数据,经标准化处理后建立高原4个分区的人类活动指数。同时结合本区已有研究资料,探讨了中晚全新世以来的人类活动历史。研究表明：（1）Ⅰ区东北区,6.0~5.3 ka B.P.早期人类已开始活动,但低水平的生产方式对植被影响较弱;5.3~4.5 ka B.P.人类活动得到扩展,环境效应开始显现;4.5~3.5 ka B.P.人类活动强度明显增强,加剧了对植被的破坏;3.5~2.0 ka B.P.随着人类活动的进一步加强,导致过度放牧、森林面积减少及风沙活动增强。（2）Ⅱ区东南区,5.0 ka B.P.左右人类活动的环境效应开始显现;4.5~3.5 ka B.P.植被受人为干扰显著;3.5~2.0 ka B.P.人类活动扩张至高海拔地区,对植被影响范围随之扩大;（3）Ⅲ区西南区,5.7~4.5 ka B.P.农业生产活动开始且得到发展,环境效应逐渐凸出;4.5~2.0 ka B.P.人类活动进一步增强,对植被影响亦进一步加剧;（4）Ⅳ区西北无人区,受资料所限并未充分讨论,但已有研究表明,全新世早中期本区已有人类进行狩猎采集活动。     

人类活动对河流沉积物中反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化菌群落特征的影响

河流生态系统是陆地生态系统输出营养盐和有机质的主要接收器,是水-气界面CO2和CH4全球碳循环的重要环节.人类活动导致大量未经处理的硝酸盐和有机物质汇入河流,影响了N-DAMO(N-DAMO,Nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation,反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化菌)细菌的群落特征.本文选取北运河作为研究区域,通过对比分析北运河中游和下游沉积物理化参数和N-DAMO细菌群落特征的差异性,探究由于人类活动的影响,河流沉积物中N-DAMO细菌的群落组成结构特征,及其与沉积物中NH+4-N、NO-3-N的响应关系.结果表明,北运河沉积物中NH+4-N为中游和下游氮素的主要形态,且下游NH+4-N浓度显著高于中游;人类活动对N-DAMO细菌16S rRNA和pmo A功能基因群落分布有影响,16S rRNA和pmo A功能基因均分别聚为中游和下游两类;系统发育树分析显示,人类活动影响北运河N-DAMO细菌高同源性菌群的来源,其高同源性菌群来源与北运河主要污染物氨氮的来源一致;RDA分析显示,人类活动影响N-DAMO细菌相关环境因子,沉积物中高浓度的NH+4-N、NO-3-N与16S rRNA和pmo A功能基因有显著的响应关系.沉积物N-DAMO细菌16S rRNA和pmo A功能基因的共生关系分析显示,北运河下游沉积物中N-DAMO细菌彼此之间的共存关系更强,细菌群落形成的模块化程度较高,其对环境变化的敏感程度更高,受人类活动的影响更大.     

生态系统服务价值与人类活动的时空关联分析——以长江中游华阳河湖群地区为例

以1990、2002和2010年华阳河湖群地区LandSat TM影像为数据源,构建生态系统服务价值评估模型、生态系统服务价值流向损益模型和人类活动强度评估模型,应用双变量空间自相关分析生态系统服务价值和人类活动强度的时空关联特征.结果表明：1990~2010年生态系统服务价值持续减少,水域、湿地转为耕地和建设用地是价值损失的主要原因.生态系统服务价值高值区在中部和东北部水域,湖滨价值量减少最严重,北部地区价值量增加,南部减少.人类活动强度低影响区位于水域,中高影响区和中影响区交错分布于北部地区,高影响区集中在南部和西南部地区.3个时期生态系统服务价值和人类活动强度均呈空间负相关,高-低聚集分布于南部和西南部,低-高聚集主要分布于水域.     

城市污泥与园林废弃物混合堆肥施用对林地土壤微生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响

研究城市污泥和园林废弃物混合堆肥施用对土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)及酶活性的影响,可为林地施用混合堆肥产品的安全及功效性评价提供科学依据.本研究采用大田试验,选取紫穗槐为研究对象,将污泥和园林废弃物以3种比例(GF(纯园林废弃物)、SGA(V(污泥)∶V(园林废弃物)=1∶3)、SGB(V(污泥)∶V(园林废弃物)=1∶1))进行混合堆肥,每种堆肥产品分别按0、5、10、50 kg·株-1(分别记作CK、T5、T10、T50)均匀施入样地.施肥1年后,于田间采样测定土壤生物活性指标及理化性质,采用主成分分析及单、双因素方差分析法研究混合堆肥产品施用后对土壤酶活性及微生物量碳、氮含量的影响.结果表明:施入GF、SGA和SGB时,SMBC和SMBN均在施用量50 kg·株-1时达到最大.随着施用量的增加,土壤酶指数(SEI)总体上呈现逐步递增的趋势,施入GF、SGA、SGB时,各个施肥梯度处理的土壤酶指数较CK分别增加93.33%~186.67%、14.58%~54.17%、119.05%~204.76%.通过主成分分析,依据各处理综合得分情况,不同堆肥产品总体上表现为:SGBGFSGA.施入GF、SGA和SGB,不同处理综合得分均为T50T10T5CK.说明施用堆肥产品能够提高土壤微生物量,增加土壤酶活性,改善土壤的生物环境.     

Characterizing the antibiotic resistance genes in a river catchment: Influence of anthropogenic activities

Previous studies on environmental antibiotics resistance genes(ARGs) have focused on the pollution sources such as wastewater treatment plants, aquaculture and livestock farms,etc. Few of them had addressed this issue in a regional scale such as river catchment. Hence,the occurrence and abundances of 23 ARGs were investigated in surface water samples collected from 38 sites which located from the river source to estuary of the Beijiang River.Among them, 11 ARGs were frequently detected in this region and 5 ARGs(sul I, sul II, tet B,tet C, and tet W) were selected for their distribution pattern analysis. The abundances of the selected ARGs were higher in the upstream(8.70 × 10~6 copies/ng DNA) and downstream areas(3.17 × 10~6 copies/ng DNA) than those in the midstream areas(1.23 × 10~6 copies/ng DNA), which was positively correlated to the population density and number of pollution sources. Pollution sources of ARGs along the Beijiang River not only had a great impact on the abundances and diversity, but also on the distribution of specific ARGs in the water samples. Both sul I and sul II were likely originated from aquaculture farms and animal farms,tet W gene was possibly associated with the mining/metal melting industry and the electric waste disposal and tet C gene was commonly found in the area with multiple pollution sources.However, the abundance of tet B was not particularly related to anthropogenic impacts. These findings highlight the influence of pollution sources and density of population on the distribution and dissemination of ARGs at a regional scale.     

Spatial and temporal variation of haze in China from 1961 to 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze the climatic characteristics and long-term spatial and temporal variations of haze occurrence in China. The impact factors of haze trends are also discussed. Meteorological data from 1961 to 2012 and daily PM₁₀ concentrations from 2003 to 2012 were employed in this study. The results indicate that the annual-average hazy days at all stations have been increasing rapidly from 4 days in 1961 to 18 days in 2012. The maximum number of haze days occur in winter (41.1%) while the minimum occur in summer (10.4%). During 1961-2012, the high occurrence areas of haze shifted from central to south and east regions of China. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) region, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan Province are the high occurrence areas for haze, while the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) have become regions with high haze occurrences in the last 25 years. Temperature and pressure are positively correlated with the number of haze days. However, wind, relative humidity, precipitation, and sunshine duration are negatively correlated with the number of haze days. The key meteorological factors affecting the formation and dissipation of haze vary for high and low altitudes, and are closely related to anthropogenic activities. In recent years, anthropogenic activities have played a more important role in haze occurrences compared with meteorological factors.     

氮足迹模型应用进展研究

氮足迹是一个评估人类活动活性氮排放量的指标,能够定量人类生产、生活各个环节的活性氮排放,进而指导个人消费和食品生产方式的转变,最终达到降低活性氮排放和提高环境质量的目的.氮足迹模型是定量不同实体氮足迹关键,也是当前氮足迹研究的热点所在.本文综述了应用于个人、食品、机构、事件的氮足迹模型;探讨了氮足迹的不确定性以及优化措施;流域氮足迹,产品氮足迹以及建立生态足迹数据库等将成为未来的研究热点.     

Spatial and seasonal variations of the contamination within water body of the Grand Canal, China

To delineate the character of contaminations in the Grand Canal, China, a three-year study (2004-2006) was conducted to investigate variations the water quality in the canal. Results showed that the variation of water quality within the Grand Canal was of there is remarkable spatial and seasonal heterogeneity regarding water quality within the Canal. Values of contaminants in dry-season were obviously higher than those in wet-season. Sites influenced strongly by industry and urbanization showed higher contents of nutrients and lower levels of dissolved oxygen in water body; moreover these sites were severely polluted by dissolved metals with the contents of cadmium, chromium and copper exceeding the Criteria Maximum Concentration (CMC), US EPA. Multivariate statistical analysis suggested nutrient and dissolved metals pollution was the dominant environmental problems within the Canal. Anthropogenic influences played a dominant role in the character of contaminations in the Grand Canal.     

Black Disease (Terpios hoshinota): A Probable Cause for the Rapid Coral Mortality at the Northern Reef of Yongxing Island in the South China Sea

The northern reef of Yongxing Island, the largest reef island of the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea, was in good condition with significant cover of scleractinian corals until 2002. Surveys in 2008 and 2010, however, found that coral coverage had declined rapidly and severely, implying that catastrophic coral mortality occurred during the past 8 years. A blackish mat was observed covering live and dead corals in both 2008 and 2010 that was identified as an encrusting sponge, Terpios hoshinota, by special surface morphology and spicule structure. In addition, spicule residues were found on the surface of long-dead corals, indicating a previous invasion of T. hosinota. T. hoshinota is referred to as the "black disease" because it rapidly overgrows and kills corals. Our evidence indicates that outbreaks of black disease are at least partially responsible for the massive coral mortality at the northern reef of Yongxing Island over the past 8 years, although human activities and heat-related coral bleaching cannot be discounted as minor causes for this coral decline.