香溪河秋季水-气界面温室气体通量日变化观测及影响因素分析

采用通量箱-气相色谱法对三峡水库香溪河库湾秋季水-气界面温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)交换通量进行了连续24 h昼夜观测.结果表明,水-气界面CO2、CH4、N2O的释放通量具有明显的日变化特征:水体除去下午17:00及凌晨05:00吸收CH4外,其余时刻均向外界大气排放CH4,且在凌晨01:00达到排放高峰.CO2和N2O通量的变化规律一致,两者全天均表现为向大气释放;且CO2和N2O通量的昼夜差异较大.CO2白天释放通量范围在20.1～97.5 mg.(m2.h)-1之间,夜间释放通量范围在32.7～42.5 mg.(m2.h)-1之间.N2O白天释放通量范围在18.4～133.7μg.(m2.h)-1之间,夜间释放通量范围在42.1～102.6μg.(m2.h)-1之间.通过相关性分析,秋季香溪河水-气界面CO2交换通量与风速呈显著正相关,与pH值显著负相关,与Chl-a有一定相关性;CH4交换通量与气压有一定的相关性;N2O交换通量与pH值显著正相关.     

底栖动物（苏氏尾鳃蚓Branchiura sowerbyi和椭圆萝卜螺Radix swinhoei）对不同氮负荷程度沉积物脱氮的影响

沉积物-水界面的底栖动物的生物扰动对微生物反硝化和厌氧氨氧化过程具有重要影响.本研究在两种不同氮负荷程度系统中,比较两种扰动功能不同的底栖生物（苏氏尾鳃蚓Branchiura sowerbyi和椭圆萝卜螺Radix swinhoei）的生物扰动对反硝化和厌氧氨氧化的影响以及沉积物-水系统中氮素的去除效果.结果表明,在负荷1和负荷2系统中,尾鳃蚓和螺促进沉积物反硝化菌丰度增加0.61~2.48倍,厌氧氨氧化菌丰度增加0.53~1.89倍,尾鳃蚓和螺促进系统氮去除量分别增加了16.64~32.18 mg和15.34~39.25 mg,其中负荷2系统中氮的去除量更大;尾鳃蚓的扰动促进上覆水的氮素（NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和TN）浓度提高了17.67%~230.54%,而螺对上覆水NO₃^--N和TN浓度没有显著影响;在负荷1和负荷2系统中, 螺组的厌氧氨氧化菌丰度都高于尾鳃蚓组, 且厌氧氨氧化菌所属的浮霉菌门相对丰度增加10.00%~15.12%.研究结果可为减缓淡水生态系统氮污染和富营养化水体修复提供参考和依据.     

The Challenge of Bridging Science and Policy in the Baltic Sea Eutrophication Governance in Finland: The perspective of Science

This article examines the views of scientists on intricacies of scientific knowledge that affect science–policy interface in the Baltic Sea eutrophication governance in Finland. The analysis demonstrates that these intricacies can be divided into five categories: (1) uncertainty of knowledge concerning ecological processes, (2) heterogeneity of knowledge, (3) societal and political call for (certain) knowledge, (4) contingency of the knowledge that ends up taken as a baseline for decision making and further research, and (5) linkages of knowledge production, processing, and communication to particular characteristics of individual researchers and research societies. By explicating these aspects, this article illustrates the ways in which scientific knowledge concerning eutrophication is human-bound and susceptible to interpretation, thus adding on to the uncertainty of the Baltic Sea environmental governance. The aim is, then, to open up perspectives on how ambiguities related to science–policy interface could be coped with.     

红外林火探测仪高速数字图像接口的设计

由于红外林火探测仪的视频输出采用高速的LVDS接口；不能直接与DSP处理器直接连接，这里介绍了一种在视频输出的LVDS接口与DSP处理器之间利用FPGA接口实现高速数字图信号的缓冲的方法。     

海州湾及其临近海域沉积物-水界面的磷形态特征与动力学

对海州湾采集的沉积物样品进行磷形态分析,采用实验室培养法对采集的海州湾取样站位进行磷酸盐沉积物-水界面交换研究。结果表明:海州湾及其临近海域表层沉积物磷呈现出从近海海域向远海海域增大的趋势;Fe-P、F-P、R-P均与S-P显著相关,其中F-P和R-P与S-P相关性最好,达极显著水平,且F-P和R-P显著相关,说明F-P和R-P与陆源污染物排放有关,F-P和R-P在来源上具有一致性;海域中的PO43--P在大部分的站位PO43--P在沉积物-海水界面上的交换量随时间的变化,先增加到最大值后再逐渐减小,表明在培养实验的初期,PO43--P由沉积物向海水中释放,然后海水中的PO43--P向沉积物转移,随着时间的推移,沉积物中的PO43--P向海水中转移,少部分的站位PO43--P在沉积物-海水界面上的交换量随时间的变化,呈现出S型变化;当生物存在时,PO43--P在实验站位点沉积物-海水界面上的交换量都随时间的推移逐渐增大,达到最大值后再逐渐减小;没有生物存在时,PO43--P在实验站位点沉积物-海水界面上的交换量都随时间的增加,呈现出S型增加,说明生物扰动和微生物的分解作用对PO43--P沉积物-海水界面上的交换量有较大影响。     

湿热条件下飞机聚合物基复合材料界面问题研究进展

综述了湿热环境下飞机聚合物基复合材料界面问题近年来的研究成果。分析并总结了湿热环境对复合材料界面的作用机理及对复合材料界面力学性能的影响;详细阐述了一些涉及环境作用的聚合物基复合材料界面理论与试验手段问题;最后提出了存在的主要问题及今后的发展趋势。     

摇蚊幼虫扰动下沉积物微环境和微界面对物理扰动强度的响应

以太湖梅梁湾沉积物为研究对象,借助Rhizon间隙水采样技术、Unisense微电极技术,解析了物理扰动和摇蚊幼虫组合扰动下,沉积物微环境及微界面特征对物理扰动强度的响应规律.结果表明,高强度物理扰动下(240 r·min-1),溶解氧渗透深度(OPD)达到12.1 mm,远高于低强度(60 r·min-1)的3.8 mm.沉积物总氧气交换速率(TOE)、TOE与DOE差值、ORP、溶解氧渗透深度(OPD)、DO空间分布的差异性等均显示了与物理扰动强度正相关趋势.沉积物中p H增加的区域和幅度及Fe2+减小的区域和幅度也显示了相同响应规律;在沉积物表层0~6 cm范围内,相同深度沉积物的含水率、孔隙度、总微生物活性均随物理扰动强度增加呈递增趋势,并对物理扰动强度的响应程度随沉积物深度递增逐渐减弱.这暗示了物理扰动胁迫摇蚊幼虫构造更深和更多的廊道,进而从垂向的角度改造了沉积物微界面和微环境.     

New science for global sustainability? The institutionalisation of knowledge co-production in Future Earth

In the context of complex and unprecedented issues of global change, calls for new modes of knowledge production that are better equipped to address urgent challenges of global sustainability are increasingly frequent. This paper presents a case study of the new major research programme “Future Earth”, which aims to bring ‘research for global sustainability’ to the mainstream of global change research. A core principle of Future Earth is the co-production of knowledge with extra-scientific actors. In studying how the principle of co-production becomes institutionalised in the emerging structure of Future Earth, this paper points to the existence of three distinct rationales (logics) on the purpose and practice of co-production. Co-production is understood as a way to enhance scientific accountability to society (‘logic of accountability’), to ensure the implementation of scientific knowledge in society (‘logic of impact’), and to include the knowledge, perspectives and experiences of extra-scientific actors in scientific knowledge production (‘logic of humility’). This heterogeneous conception of knowledge co-production provides helpful ambiguity allowing actors with different perspectives on science and its role in society to engage in Future Earth. However, in the process of designing an institutional structure for Future Earth tensions between the different logics of co-production become apparent. This research shows how logics of accountability and impact are prominent in shaping the development of Future Earth. The paper concludes by pointing to an essential tension between being inclusive and transformative when it comes to institutionalising new modes of knowledge production in large research programmes.     

40 years of global environmental assessments: A retrospective analysis

This paper provides a retrospective analysis of global environmental assessment (GEA) processes and their changing character, focus and political context over the past 40 years. We examine how and why elements of organizational design, objectives, and the evolving political landscape have interacted and changed, with a view of informing the design and conduct of future processes. We find that the historical genesis of GEAs is closely connected to the emergence of environmental multilateralism. However, the prevailing conditions and assumptions which originally gave rise to the GEA concept have changed significantly over time, giving rise to an increasing demand for a focus on response options and policies. We also find that the epistemic and process complexity of GEAs has increased substantially, without a corresponding expansion in the magnitude and composition of GEA management teams. We suggest that developing analytical capacities for policy assessment as well as ensuring sufficient resources and tools to manage increasingly complex GEAs is essential to ensure their future relevance and success. This article is part of a special issue on solution-oriented GEAs.     

Lessons from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change on inclusiveness across geographies and stakeholders

There have been many calls in policy and academia for more inclusiveness in science-policy interfaces, but there is as yet insufficient clarity as to what such inclusiveness means and how to achieve it in the context of international organisations. This paper analyses how inclusive the IPCC is across geographies and stakeholders. Building on the distinction between access and active participation, it examines the involvement of developing countries and NGOs in the Panel’s assessment process.The analysis shows that more inclusive institutional set-ups in international science-policy organisations do not automatically lead to greater credibility, salience and legitimacy of knowledge production processes (Mitchell et al., 2006). For instance, inclusive access does not per se guarantee active participation as the latter depends on a variety of factors including resources and the capacity of actors to engage. Furthermore, in institutional contexts the idea of inclusiveness is necessarily subject to operational interpretations. How these interpretations relate to the representativeness of those who participate in the process affects the relevance of knowledge to its users’ needs. Finally, there are political elements to inclusiveness as more powerful actors may be unwilling to renegotiate the balance of power to expand access to stakeholders.The paper concludes that these nuances should be taken into account in the IPCC and other international science-policy institutions. It also urges the Panel to address the developing country participation gap and explore institutional avenues for expanding access to non-state stakeholders in order to increase the credibility, salience and legitimacy of its processes and shift to solutions-oriented assessments.