南通市PM_(10)浓度的综合预报方法探索

应用历史监测数据 ,结合南通市气候特征 ,分析了PM1 0 浓度值与天气系统的关系 ,研究了PM1 0 的变化趋势 ,介绍了一种关于南通市PM1 0 浓度的综合预报方法。该方法准确、实用、经济     

从环境影响角度分析水泥窑除尘器选型的合理性

从水泥窑大气污染物对环境影响的角度,分析了新型干法水泥回转窑窑尾和窑头除尘器选型的合理性,包括投资、运行成本、对污染物治理和工况的适应性、操作和维修性能、可靠性、稳定性、除尘效率以及非正常排放、污染物排放量、大气环境容量、环境质量标准、气候条件等对环境的影响程度。     

The European Council,the Council and the Member States: changing environmental leadership dynamics in the European Union

ABSTRACT

The leadership dynamics between the European Council, the Council and the Member States in European Union (EU) environmental policy since the 1970s are analysed. The puzzle is that, although the EU was set up as a ‘leaderless Europe’, it is widely seen as an environmental leader, albeit sometimes as a one-eyed leader amongst the blind. While differentiating between leadership types, it is argued that the European Council has the largest structural, the Council the most significant entrepreneurial, and the Member States the most important cognitive and exemplary leadership capacities. Most day-to-day environmental policy measures are negotiated by the Environment Council (in collaboration with the European Parliament). The European Council’s increased interest in high politics climate change issues is largely due to the EU’s global leadership ambitions. Member States have traditionally formed environmental leadership alliances on an ad hoc basis although this may be changing.     

基于天气分型的上甸子大气本底站臭氧污染气象条件

对流层臭氧作为典型二次污染物已成为北京春夏季首要污染物,气象因素是影响其浓度变化的主要因子之一.本研究基于2008~2017年大气成分和气象观测数据,利用Lamb-Jenkinson天气分型法结合Mann-Whitney U检验方法将影响北京地区天气型分为6类,其中SWW和C型上甸子臭氧浓度均值和极值分别最高,在4~9月出现频率最高,合计出现47.4%,并通过多元逐步回归方程确定两种型的主要贡献权重.SWW和C型下54%盛行西南风,新排放的污染物和二次老化气团经西南气流持续输送,850 hPa附近出现垂直速度零层,水平和垂直气象条件均有利于臭氧的输送、生成和聚积;AN和ESN型下64.7%盛行东北风或北风,气团来源清洁,1000 hPa以上盛行一致的下沉运动和气流辐散,新排放的污染物也能很快被稀释扩散,臭氧浓度处于较低值.以NW型2015年5月3日为例,虽然地面盛行西北气流,来源清洁,但大气通过垂直下沉运动将边界层以上的高浓度残留臭氧向近地面输送,导致某些天数中出现臭氧浓度高值.     

Heterogeneity of soil surface ammonium concentration and other characteristics, related to plant specific variability in a Mediterranean-type ecosystem

Heterogeneity and dynamics of eight soil surface characteristics essential for plants—ammonium and nitrate concentrations, water content, temperature, pH, organic matter, nitrification and ammonification rates—were studied in a Mediterranean-type ecosystem on four occasions over a year. Soil properties varied seasonally and were influenced by plant species. Nitrate and ammonium were present in the soil at similar concentrations throughout the year. The positive correlation between them at the time of greatest plant development indicates that ammonium is a readily available nitrogen source in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. The results presented here suggest that plant cover significantly affects soil surface characteristics.     

城市火险预警中的火源综合指标的探讨

提出将环境气象因素与火源综合指数分离的方式建立城市火险预警方程的方法，并分析讨论了南京市1991～1996年的火源综合指数的变化特征。分析结果表明火源综合指数有显著的季节变化，并且随着城市的结构和规模及消防措施的改变，火源综合指数存在着年际的趋势变化。     

Resilience in practice: Five principles to enable societies to cope with extreme weather events

The concept of resilience is used by many in different ways: as a scientific concept, as a guiding principle, as inspirational ‘buzzword’, or as a means to become more sustainable. Next to the academic debate on meaning and notions of resilience, the concept has been widely adopted and interpreted in policy contexts, particularly related to climate change and extreme weather events. In addition to having a positive connotation, resilience may cover aspects that are missed in common disaster risk management approaches. Although the precise definition of resilience may remain subject of discussion, the views on what is important to consider in the management of extreme weather events do not differ significantly. Therefore, this paper identifies the key implications of resilience thinking for the management of extreme weather events and translates these into five practical principles for policy making.     

长江三角洲都市连绵区边界界定研究

都市连绵区的边界界定对象包括两个方面,都市连绵区的整体空间范围边界界定和内部结构边界界定。对长江三角洲及其周边地区所有的238个县、市、区的就业人口结构和空间分布特征进行主成分分析和聚类分析,探讨相应都市区的结构特征以及都市区的空间组合特征等,进而确定了长江三角洲地区的整体范围边界和内部结构边界。其结论包括①长三角都市连绵区的整体空间范围包括苏州、无锡、宁波的全部以及上海、南京、常州、杭州、镇江、扬州、泰州、南通和绍兴、舟山的部分县市区;②长三角的内部结构可分为三大部分,以上海为中心的环太湖城镇密集区,以南京为中心形成沿长江城镇区,以杭州、宁波为中心形成环杭州湾城镇密集区,其内部边界界线分别以镇江丹徒区、嘉兴—湖州为边界地带。从核心城市上海角度看,整个长江三角洲都市连绵区的内部结构呈现“圈层推进+轴线延伸”的空间特征。     

珠江三角洲典型灰霾过程的边界层特征

2014年1月初珠江三角洲(以下简称珠三角)地区出现严重的灰霾天气.利用广东省城市空气质量资料、中国气象局番禺大气成分站逐时PM10、PM2.5、PM1以及能见度数据、广东省946个自动站风向风速数据、广州基本站风向风速数据、2013~2014年东莞佛山大气边界层观测试验资料等,研究了珠三角2014年1月1~8日典型灰霾过程的边界层特征.结果表明:大陆冷高压变性出海是这次灰霾过程发生的主要天气系统.其使得珠三角地区受静稳天气控制,造成微风或静风状况以及低的边界层和逆温结构;6日珠三角主要城市空气质量呈现不同的变化,其原因主要是区域内风向的变化,5日上午珠三角为弱的偏北风,整个珠三角都为灰霾天气,而5日下午风向由偏北风转为偏南风,珠三角东南部地区空气质量改善,北部(内陆)地区的空气质量恶化;后向轨迹分析发现所有气流呈明显下沉作用,且5日20:00的后向轨迹簇来自陆面,6日20:00的后向轨迹簇来自海面,两者对珠三角的空气质量具有不同的影响.     

吉林西部不同土地利用方式下的生长季土壤CO2排放通量日变化及影响因素

利用GXH-3051A红外线分析仪,采用动态闭合气室法对吉林西部4种土地利用方式下土壤CO2排放通量日变化进行了定位测量,系统分析了环境因子及土壤理化性质等因素对土壤CO2排放通量日变化的影响。结果表明,水田、旱田、草地和盐碱地土壤CO2排放通量日变化均呈单峰曲线,但排放通量的日均值有较大差异,其中水田和草地排放量较高,分别为1．69μmol·m-2．S-1和1．24μmaol·m-2s-1;旱田和盐碱地较低,为0．50μmol·m-2．S-1和0．63μmol·m-2．S-1。各地类土壤C02排放通量的日均值与其每天上午10：00土壤CO2排放通量值最为接近,即可用该时间测得的土壤CO2排放通量估测日平均值。土地利用方式和大气温度是造成土壤CO2日排放通量差异的主要因素,多年来该区土地利用方式的变化,改变了土壤表层10cm内的土层温度、土壤含水率、有机碳含量、水解氮含量,进而影响土壤呼吸和CO2排放通量;区内水田土壤CO2排放通量与温度的相关性最高（R2=0．8375）,其次为旱田和草地。