Effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd, Pb and Zn in soil

The effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd, Pb and Zn was studied. Three soils with pH ranging from 3.8 to 7.3, organic carbon （OC） from 0.7% to 2.4%, and clay from 12.3% to 35.6% were selected. Soils were spiked with reagent grade Cd（NO3）2, Pb（NO3）2, and Zn（NO3）2 at concentrations of 30 mg Cd/kg soil, 300 mg Zn/kg soil and 2000 mg Pb/kg soil. The soils were incubated at 35, 60, 105℃, respectively and went through four wet-dry cycles. Metal availability in soils was estimated by soil extraction with 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2. According to this study, the effect of the spiking temperature on the metal availabilities was different among the metals, soils and wet-dry cycles. Mostly, 35 ~C was the first recommended spiking temperature for Cd and Pb while no spiking temperature was obviously better than others for Zn. Three wet-dry cycles was recommended regardless of the type of metals and incubation temperature.     

GROUND WATER/SURFACE WATER RESPONSES TO GLOBAL CLIMATE SIMULATIONS,SANTA CLARA‐CALLEGUAS BASIN,VENTURA, CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT: Climate variations can play an important, if not always crucial, role in successful conjunctive management of ground water and surface water resources. This will require accurate accounting of the links between variations in climate, recharge, and withdrawal from the resource systems, accurate projection or predictions of the climate variations, and accurate simulation of the responses of the resource systems. To assess linkages and predictability of climate influences on conjunctive management, global climate model (GCM) simulated precipitation rates were used to estimate inflows and outflows from a regional ground water model (RGWM) of the coastal aquifers of the Santa Clara‐Calleguas Basin at Ventura, California, for 1950 to 1993. Interannual to interdecadal time scales of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) climate variations are imparted to simulated precipitation variations in the Southern California area and are realistically imparted to the simulated ground water level variations through the climate‐driven recharge (and discharge) variations. For example, the simulated average ground water level response at a key observation well in the basin to ENSO variations of tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures is 1.2 m/°C, compared to 0.9 m/°C in observations. This close agreement shows that the GCM‐RGWM combination can translate global scale climate variations into realistic local ground water responses. Probability distributions of simulated ground water level excursions above a local water level threshold for potential seawater intrusion compare well to the corresponding distributions from observations and historical RGWM simulations, demonstrating the combination's potential usefulness for water management and planning. Thus the GCM‐RGWM combination could be used for planning purposes and — when the GCM forecast skills are adequate — for near term predictions.     

粤东中生代火山旋回划分及对比

本文在基本查明火山岩系地层层序及变化的基础上,将粤东地区中生代火山岩划分为上、下两个岩系,四个旋回,对各旋回特征作了简要总结,并进行了区域对比分析。     

畜禽粪便冻融作用后磷形态分布及其释放特征

畜禽粪便中磷(P)释放特性与其赋存的形态密切相关,冻融循环可通过改变畜禽粪便的理化性质而影响粪便中P形态的分布,进而影响其后续的释放过程.本研究通过一系列室内模拟实验,探究了冻融循环对不同含水率猪粪中P形态分布的影响,以及冻融循环后粪便中P释放特征及其影响因素.结果表明,与未经冻融猪粪相比,冻融后低含水率粪便中Ca-P、Oc-P和Res-P含量分别下降了47.38%、29.76%和55.19%,NH_4Cl-P和Al-P分别增加了36.82%和23.13%;高含水率猪粪中Ca-P、Oc-P和Res-P含量分别减少了49.59%、41.59%和76.96%,NH_4Cl-P、Al-P和Fe-P含量分别增加了37.34%、32.84%和8.96%.经冻融处理的粪便P的释放速率和累积释放量明显大于未冻融处理的粪便.伪一级动力学方程、Elovich方程、权函数方程均能较好的拟合粪便P释放动力学过程,其中Elovich方程的拟合效果最佳,表明粪便中P释放动力学过程是以扩散为主的反应过程.雨水pH值和共存阴离子会影响粪便P的释放,溶液pH越低或NO~-_3/SO■比值越小,越有利用于粪便P的释放.依据统计数据估算,我国冻融区域内畜禽粪便因冻融导致的P最大释放增量总和约为3.20万t·a~(-1),为降低其面源污染风险需要更好的粪便储存处理措施.     

Methane Fluxes from a Wetland using the Flux-Gradient Technique The Measurement of Methane Flux from a Natural Wetland Pond and Adjacent Vegetated Wetlands using a TDL-Based Flux-Gradient Technique

Methane emissions were measured from a bog andlake in the Experimental Lakes Area in Northern Ontario in 1992and 1993, prior to and following flooding. Bog fluxes were smallin 1992 (0.27 mg m^-2 d^-1) but increased 5-fold in 1993 afterflooding. Over the bog, there was a diel cycle of nighttimeemission and daytime uptake in 1992 in contrast to constantemission in 1993. Lake emissions decreased after flooding butwere much greater than bog emissions in both years (average = 7.3 mg m^-2 d^-1). Seasonally, the bog flux was correlated withground temperatures after flooding. In 1992, lake fluxes werecorrelated with air temperature on a daily basis. In contrast,seasonal lake fluxes were correlated with water and sedimenttemperatures in 1992, but only with sediment temperatures in1993. These results are explained with respect to the effects offlooding on lake and bog dynamics.     

冻融作用下寒温带针叶林土壤碳氮矿化过程研究

以大兴安岭落叶松林土壤为研究对象,设置8℃恒温和-5-8℃冻融循环（1个冻融循环为在-5℃培养24 h,后在8℃培养24 h）2个处理,进行30 d的室内培养实验,探讨了寒温带针叶林土壤在冻融交替时期的碳氮矿化过程及其相互关系。结果表明,培养温度和培养时间对土壤碳矿化速率和碳矿化累积量均有显著影响。第1次和第5次冻融循环后,冻融处理土壤的碳矿化速率显著高于恒温培养下土壤的碳矿化速率;第7次和第15次冻融循环后,冻融土壤碳矿化累积量显著低于恒温土壤的碳矿化累积量。土壤氮矿化速率没有受到培养温度、培养时间以及二者交互作用的影响,但培养时间和培养温度对土壤净氮矿化累积量有显著的影响。第5、7、15次冻融循环后,冻融处理的土壤无机氮净矿化累积量低于恒温培养的土壤无机氮净矿化累积量。经过30 d的培养,恒温处理下的土壤碳、氮矿化累积量（碳累积量：92.82μg·g-1,氮累积量73.76 mg·kg-1）是冻融处理下（碳累积量：65.51μg·g-1,氮累积量33.45 mg·kg-1）的1.42倍和2.21倍。土壤碳矿化累积量与土壤净氮矿化累积量均为正相关关系,但在相同的碳释放量下冻融循环处理土壤累积的无机氮较少。以上结果表明,冻融循环减少了大兴安岭寒温带落叶松林土壤碳排放和无机氮的累积,有利于土壤碳的固持和减少养分的流失。     

草原土壤的碳氮分布与CO2排放通量的相关性分析

利用静态暗箱法,对内蒙古锡林河流域的贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)、克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)等草原群落样地的CO₂排放通量进行了测定;同时采集各样地的不同层次土壤混合样,分析其中有机碳和全氮的含量,探讨其与CO₂排放的相关性.结果发现:不同样地群落的CO₂排放与其土壤中不同层次的有机碳和全氮含量呈高度正相关,相关系数(R)均0.8以上,说明在环境因子相对稳定的情况下,土壤有机碳和全氮含量直接或间接地决定生态系统CO₂排放通量的变化.另外,土壤不同层次的有机碳和全氮含量随深度增加递减,其中70%以上集中在0～30cm土层中,说明它们主要是来自地表有机质的分解;在0～100cm的土层中,土壤有机碳和全氮的总含量从贝加尔针茅草原、大针茅草原、羊草草原和克氏针茅草原依次减少,表明降水量、蒸发量和干燥度是影响土壤有机碳、全氮分布的重要因子.     

Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfide budgets in the Black Sea: A biogeochemical model of the whole water column coupling the oxic and anoxic parts

Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfide budgets are derived for the Black Sea water column from a coupled physical-biogeochemical model. The model is applied in the deep part of the sea and simulates processes over the whole water column including the anoxic layer that extends from ?115 m to the bottom (?2000 m). The biogeochemical model involves a refined representation of the Black Sea foodweb from bacteria to gelatinous carnivores. It includes notably a series of biogeochemical processes typical for oxygen deficient conditions with, for instance, bacterial respiration using different types of oxidants (i.e denitrification, sulfate reduction), the lower efficiency of detritus degradation, the ANAMMOX (ANaerobic AMMonium OXidation) process and the occurrence of particular redox reactions. The model has been calibrated and validated against all available data gathered in the Black Sea TU Ocean Base and this exercise is described in Gregoire et al. (2008). In the present paper, we focus on the biogeochemical flows produced by the model and we compare model estimations with the measurements performed during the R.V. KNORR expedition conducted in the Black Sea from April to July 1988 (Murray and the Black Sea Knorr Expedition, 1991). Model estimations of hydrogen sulfide oxidation, metal sulfide precipitation, hydrogen sulfide formation in the sediments and water column, export flux to the anoxic layer and to the sediments, denitrification, primary and bacterial production are in the range of field observations.With a simulated Gross Primary Production (GPP) of 7.9 mol C m⁻² year⁻¹ and a Community Respiration (CR) of 6.3 mol C m⁻² year⁻¹, the system is net autotrophic with a Net Community Production (NCP) of 1.6 mol C m⁻² year⁻¹. This NCP corresponds to 20% of the GPP and is exported to the anoxic layer. In order to model Particulate Organic Matter (POM) fluxes to the bottom and hydrogen sulfide profiles in agreement with in situ observations, we have to consider that the degradation of POM in anoxic conditions is less efficient that in oxygenated waters as it has often been observed (see discussion in Hedges et al., 1999). The vertical POM profile produced by the model can be fitted to the classic power function describing the oceanic carbon rate (C_R=Z^−α) using an attenuation coefficient α of 0.36 which is the value proposed for another anoxic environment (i.e. the Mexico Margin) by Devol and Hartnett (2001). Due to the lower efficiency of detritus degradation in anoxic conditions and to the aggregation of particles that enhanced the sinking, an important part of the export to the anoxic layer (i.e. 33%, 0.52 mol C m⁻² year⁻¹) escapes remineralization in the water column and reaches the sediments. Therefore, sediments are active sites of sulfide production contributing to 26% of the total sulfide production.In the upper layer, the oxygen dynamics is mainly governed by photosynthesis and respiration processes as well as by air-sea exchanges. ?71% of the oxygen produced by phytoplankton (photosynthesis+nitrate reduction) is lost through respiration, ?21% by outgasing to the atmosphere, ?5% through nitrification and only ?2% in the oxidation of reduced components (e.g. Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, H₂S).The model estimates the amount of nitrogen lost through denitrification at 307 mmol N m⁻² year⁻¹ that can be partitioned into a loss of ?55% through the use of nitrate for the oxidation of detritus in low oxygen conditions, ?40% in the ANAMMOX process and the remaining ?5% in the oxidation of reduced substances by nitrate.In agreement with data analysis performed on long time series collected since the 1960s (Konovalov and Murray, 2001), the sulfide and nitrogen budgets established for the anoxic layer are not balanced in response to the enhanced particle fluxes induced by eutrophication: the NH₄ and H₂S concentrations increase.     

CARBON CONTENT OF SEDIMENTS OF SMALL RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT: Carbon content was measured in sediments deposited in 58 small reservoirs across the United States. Reservoirs varied from 0.2 to 4000 km2 in surface area. The carbon content of sediment ranged from 0.3 to 5.6 percent, with a mean of 1.9 ± 1.1 percent. No significant differences between the soil and sediment carbon content were found using a paired t-test or ANOVA. The carbon content of sediments in reservoirs was similar to the carbon content of surface soils (0–10 cm) in the watershed, except in watersheds with shrub or steppe (desert) vegetation. Based on the sediment accumulation rates measured in each reservoir, the calculated organic carbon accumulation rates among reservoirs ranged from 26 to 3700 gC m^-2yr^-1, with a mean of 675 ± 739 gC m^-2yr^-1. The carbon content and accumulation rates were highest in sediments from grassland watersheds. High variability was found in carbon content, carbon accumulation, and sediment accumulation rates due to individual watershed and reservoir characteristics rather than to any broad physiographic patterns. The carbon accumulation rates in these reservoir sediments indicate that reservoir sediments could be a significant sink for organic carbon.     

浸水率对低合金钢海水腐蚀行为的影响

目的计算不同浸水率试样的平均腐蚀速率,并与全浸条件下的腐蚀行为进行对比研究。方法采用电化学测量技术,测量不同干湿循环后试样在海水中的开路电位、极化电阻和电化学交流阻抗,分析不同浸水率对低合金钢电化学性能的影响。利用三维视频显微镜观察不同浸水率试样的腐蚀形貌,采用X射线分析仪分析锈层组成。结果干湿交替条件下低合金钢的腐蚀速率比全浸条件下增大1个数量级,自腐蚀电位正移150 mV左右,极化电阻增大2个数量级;且随着浸水率增大,腐蚀速率减小,自腐蚀电位无明显变化,试验初期电阻增大,但是试验后期无明显变化。结论观察腐蚀形貌和锈层组成,全浸条件下以FeOOH为主,干湿交替条件下出现较多的Fe3O4。