长江上游平原丘陵区农业非点源污染输出特征和驱动机制

农村非点源污染格局和机制研究对于区域生态环境治理意义重大.以长江上游平原丘陵区为研究区,借助多元数据,提出一种基于空间距离修正的污染物测算方法,利用克里金（Kriging）插值和逻辑回归（LR）方法研究农村非点源污染物的排放格局和影响机制.结果表明,2005～2015年间COD、 BOD₅、 NH⁺₄-N、 TN和TP排放总量分别增加15.46×10⁴、 25.66×10⁴、 3.49×10⁴、 1.26×10⁴和0.38×10⁴ t.成都平原、川中丘陵和川东平行岭谷耕作区是排放量高值区,而城镇城区和三峡库区腹地是低值区. COD、 BOD₅和NH⁺₄-N整体风险等级有所增加,TN整体排放风险等级有所增加,TP整体排放风险偏高且有继续恶化的趋势.综合风险等级呈“中部高,四周低”的空间格局,极高和次高风险等级呈镶嵌分布,成都平原和川东平行岭谷区为高风...     

山地平原过渡带耕地土壤重金属空间特征及潜在生态风险因素探析

为探讨典型山地平原过渡带地区耕地土壤重金属空间分布特征及其潜在生态风险因素.本文以拥有成都平原-龙门山脉过渡带这一典型过渡地形的四川省某县域为研究区,采用地统计法和潜在生态风险指数法分析研究区耕地土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的空间分布情况并进行潜在生态风险评价,结合地理探测器进一步发掘导致其潜在生态风险空间差异的主...     

莱州湾南岸平原古河道及其与海（咸）水入侵关系研究

海（咸）水入侵作为莱州湾南岸平原的一种新的环境灾害,其发生、发展与该区广泛分布的古河道密切相关。本文研究了古河道的分布规律、沉积特征及分期,并重点探讨了其与海（咸）水入侵的密切关系。古河道是该区海（咸）水入侵的主要通道,古河道中海（咸）水入侵速度快、方式多、周期性变化明显,是灾情是严重、入侵变化最复杂的地貌单元;古河道又是防治海（咸）水入侵的天然工程,古河道砂层径流条件好,只要采取措施提高其地下淡     

华北平原冬小麦季化肥氮去向及土壤氮库盈亏定量化探索

为提高华北平原冬小麦种植体系的氮肥利用率、减少氮肥对环境的污染,本研究对前人的试验数据进行整理核算,分析肥料氮、作物氮和土壤氮三者之间的关系,探索冬小麦季化肥氮的去向及土壤氮库的盈亏情况.结果表明:华北平原冬小麦当季化肥氮的吸收量随施氮量的增加而升高,对土壤氮素的吸收随施氮量的增加而降低;在秸秆50%还田和100%还田两种情况下,土壤氮库盈亏量与施氮量之间均呈线性极显著正相关,且土壤氮库达到平衡时的施氮量分别是 N 192和166 kg·hm-2;冬小麦对氮肥的吸收利用率推荐施氮远高于传统施氮,过量施氮不仅不会提高作物产量,还会降低氮肥利用率,增加土壤残留和损失;3种秸秆处理方式下的冬小麦氮肥各去向绝对量与施氮量(N 75~375 kg·hm-2)之间均呈显著线性相关关系,秸秆不还田条件下的地上部吸收率、秸秆吸收率和秸秆50%还田下的地上部吸收率及秸秆100%还田下的0~100 cm土壤残留率均与施氮量(N 75~375 kg·hm-2)之间呈显著相关关系.     

新疆焉耆盆地平原区地下水有机污染评价及污染成因

在新疆焉耆盆地平原区采集了42组地下水样品和10组地表水样品,首次将有机污染物纳入检测项目,检测有机污染物共计39项.对所有水样测试结果的统计显示:焉耆盆地平原区地下水中检出的有机污染物共有 3 种,分别是三氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷和1,2-二氯苯,检出率分别为30.95%、2.38%和2.38%,检出的三项有机污染物含量均低于饮用水标准.通过多介质污染评价系统进行有机污染评价,各有机污染物检出点不会对环境造成明显危害.在焉耆盆地平原区不同的土地利用类型有机污染物检出率不同,检出率为牧草地 > 耕地 > 建设用地;检出的14组地下水有机污染物大部分分布在包气带岩性为亚黏土与亚砂土区域,其余分布在包气带岩性为砂砾石区域;地表水采样点中只有B03(开都河)检测出微量的三氯甲烷,地下水中检出的有机污染物不是来自于地表水的补给.     

松嫩高平原黑土区耕地利用系统安全影响因子作用机理研究——以黑龙江省巴彦县为例

耕地利用系统安全是保护耕地健康和保障粮食安全的基础。论文以巴彦县为例,采用遗传算法对神经网络模型进行改进,识别耕地利用系统安全的敏感性影响因子,并应用通径分析法,确定单一因子和复合因子对系统安全作用机理。结果表明：①单一因子的作用中土壤类型对耕地利用系统安全的作用强度最大,高程最弱。不同因子对耕地利用系统安全的正负相关关系不同,对系统安全分别起促进和抑制作用;耕地利用系统的其他影响因子对系统安全的共同作用也很大,是不可忽视的重要因子;②各因子存在复杂的制约关系,单一因子和复合因子共同作用是系统安全主要的作用机理,且单一因子和复合因子对系统安全影响的显性特征不同;自然生态因子对系统安全的单一作用、人文因子对系统安全的复合作用机制显著。     

COMPREHENSIVE FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT1

Flooding and the susceptibility to flood damage inherent in all land uses constitute the flood hazard. Resolution of the hazard while properly recognizing flood plain environmental attributes within the context of overall community or area needs is the essence of comprehensive flood plain management. The traditional approach–flood control–has effected modification of only the flooding component of the hazard whether it be coastal or inland. Until recently Federal programs have overlooked the possibilities of modifying the susceptibility component, for which the major responsibility lies with non-Federal interests. Beginning with actions in the TVA area, the latter is now being strongly encouraged through Federal programs and actions notably the Flood Plain Management Services and Survey Programs of the Corps of Engineers, those stemming from Executive Order 11296, and those required for eligibility under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968. Flood plain management objectives must be stated in planning, e.g., economic efficiency, reduction in threat to life and health, environmental improvement, and regional development, to permit proper evaluation of the optional means and approaches for achieving them.     

ANALYSIS OF UNCERTAINTY IN FLOOD PLAIN MAPPING1

ABSTRACT: Components contributing to uncertainty in the location of the flood plain fringe of a mapped flood plain are identified and examined to determine their relative importance. First-order uncertainty analysis is used to provide a procedure for quantifying the magnitude of uncertainty in the location of the flood plain fringe. Application of the procedure indicated that one standard deviation of uncertainty in flood plain inundation width was about one third of the mean computed inundation width for several flood population-flood geometry combinations. Suggested mapping criteria, which directly incorporate uncertainty estimates, are given. While these criteria are more suitable for use in developing areas than in flood plains that have had extensive development, the analysis procedure can be used to accommodate property owners who challenge the validity of estimated flood fringe boundaries. Use of uncertainty analysis in flood plain mapping should enhance the credibility of the final plan.     

THE EFFECT OF FLOOD PLAIN LOCATION ON PROPERTY VALUES: THREE TOWNS IN NORTHEASTERN NEW JERSEY1

ABSTRACT: The persistence of development and settlement in flood plains and continued damages from flooding, raises the question of how property owners respond to flood plain location and whether property values reflect this response. Existing studies disagree on the significance of flood hazard for property values. This study evaluates the effect of flood plain location on assessed valuation and home value in three towns in New Jersey. A t-test on mean assessed value and value of owner-occupied units at block levels showed no statistically significant variation for flood prone and nonflood prone lands. Possible explanations are that homeowners do not know or perceive the risk of living in flood plains, assessors do not incorporate flooding into assessment criteria, and the National Flood Insurance Program subsidies and broadened financial markets may equalize property values.     

秦岭─黄淮平原交界带近五百年的旱涝研究

本文根据旱涝史料及现代观测资料，运用旱涝等级评定法和农田水分平衡法，对秦岭─黄淮平原交界带自１４７０～１９８０年逐年的旱涝状况进行了评定，重建了秦岭─黄淮平原交界带１４７０～１９８０年近５００ａ的旱涝等级序列，在此基础上讨论了旱涝发生的基本规律。运用山地─平原交界带气候边际效应的观点，探讨了山地─平原交界带气候边际效应与旱涝的关系．