Diurnal variation of number concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles in the urban atmosphere of Beijing in winter

Number concentration and distribution of airborne particles in the size range 5.6 to 560 um diameter were measured in Beijing for a 15-d period in winter 2005.Daily average number concentrations of nucleation mode(5.6-20 nm),Aitken mode(20-100 nm), and accumulation mode(100-560 nm)particles,and total particles were 17500,32000,4000,and 53500 cm~(-3),respectively.Average particle size distribution was monomodal with a mode diameter of about 40 um at night and bimodal with mode diameters of about 10 and about 40 nm during the daytime.New particle formation events,which were connected to diurnal variation of nucleation mode particles,were observed in more than half of the observation days.The events often started around 10:00-11:00 Chinese Standard Time (CST)and ended up after 3-4 h.Concentrations of Aitken and accumulation mode particles increased from midnight and reached their maxima at about 10:00 CST,and then decreased and became the lowest in the afternoon.Analysis of diurnal cycles in traffic volume and meteorological parameters revealed that the accumulation of the particles in Aitken and accumulation modes in the morning was influenced by formation of an inversion and increase in vehicle emission,and dispersion of such particles in the afternoon was associated with more effective vertical mixing and higher wind speed.     

风电场电磁辐射污染初探

本文就风电场电磁污染进行初步探讨研究,文章就电磁辐射的危害及后果进行了简要论述。对风电场电磁污染产生的原因、途径、源强及污染变化趋势结合实地监测进行了定性、定量分析,对进一步深入研究风电场电磁污染提出了自己的看法和认识。     

风力发电机振动与噪声测试及其减噪方法研究

本文简要介绍了风力发电机的结构和工作原理,以及风力发电机振动和噪声的危害。根据发电机振动与噪声的发生机理和产生规律,本文制定相应实验方案对其进行测试,得出风力发电机的振动与噪声主要是风机的机械振动与空气动力学（旋转噪声和涡流）噪声,进而提出了降低风力发电机振动与噪声的方法为主动控制（风轮平衡与阻尼减振降噪控制）及被动控制（吸声）,为研究开发低噪声风力发电机提供理论基础。     

东营新北油田海底土类动力特性的试验研究

土的动剪切模量、阻尼比是土动力特性的主要指标,是研究重大工程场地设计地震动参数的基础性资料。本文结合东营新北油田项目工程场地地震安全性评价工作,采用北京市新技术研究所生产的DDS-70动三轴试验系统,对新北油田工程场地的淤泥质粘性土、粉质粘土、粉土和粉砂进行了动剪切模量和阻尼比的试验研究。同时将实验结果与国内其他研究成...     

Characteristics of ozone vertical profile observed in the boundary layer around Beijing in autumn

In the autumn of 2008, the vertical profiles of ozone and meteorological parameters in the low troposphere (0–1000 m) were observed at two sites around Beijing, specifically urban Nanjiao and rural Shangdianzi. At night and early morning, the lower troposphere divided into two stratified layers due to temperature inversion. Ozone in the lower layer showed a large gradient due to the titration of NO. Air flow from the southwest brought ozone-rich air to Beijing, and the ozone profiles were marked by a continuous increase in the residual layer at night. The accumulated ozone in the upper layer played an important role in the next day’s surface peak ozone concentration, and caused a rapid increase in surface ozone in the morning. Wind direction shear and wind speed shear exhibited different influences on ozone profiles and resulted in different surface ozone concentrations in Beijing.     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

黔中地区不同林龄马尾松小气候特征研究

以黔中地区不同林龄马尾松人工林为研究对象,采用时空替代法,选取农田（对照）、林窗、中林龄、近熟林、成熟林和过熟林6个样地,每月选择代表日分时段测量光照强度、光通量密度、气温、相对湿度、蒸气压亏损和风速等小气候指标,同时对样地内不同垂直高度（0.5,1.0和1.5m）观测指标进行比较.结果表明：（1）除风速随测量高度变化（1.5m > 1.0m > 0.5m）差异极显著外（P<0.01）,其余观测指标随测量高度均无显著差异（P>0.05）.（2）观测时段内,不同林龄马尾松林小气候均存在显著性差异（P<0.05）,其中光照强度、光通量密度、气温、蒸气压亏损和风速变化为农田 > 林窗 > 马尾松林;相对湿度变化为马尾松林 > 林窗 > 农田.（3）与农田相比,马尾松林分别降低了光照强度、光通量密度、气温、蒸气压亏损和风速的917.36%、837.35%、5.33%、30.77%、193.58%,增加了6.39%的相对湿度,具有显著的遮阳降温、增湿保湿、维持林冠下小气候稳定的作用.在演替前期,抵挡阳光和风速的效果明显,而在后期,降温增湿以及保湿效果显著.舒适度评价显示,除冬季外,黔中地区马尾松林可发挥良好的森林康养和游憩生态功能.     

风电场雷击风险分析及防护措施研究——以云南某风电场为例

近年来,风力发电行业发展迅猛,风电场的安全运行日益受到关注。雷电灾害成为影响风电场正常运行的主要气象灾害,因雷击造成风电机组、箱变及其附属电气设施损坏,导致严重经济损失的情况时有发生,风电场的防雷保护现状和形势已不容乐观。该文以云南某高海拔风电场为例,在实地考察、数据采集的基础上,结合高原山地的特殊环境、风电场所在区域的雷电活动情况及土壤电阻等条件,分析风电场存在的雷击风险,提出相应的雷电灾害防御措施,从而为风电场的防雷保护提供技术参考。     

尾矿砂绿色混凝土梁受剪性能试验研究

利用不同尾矿砂取代率的混凝土梁斜截面受剪性能进行试验研究,结果表明:尾矿砂绿色混凝土梁与普通混凝土梁的受力破坏形态相似,在相同荷载下,尾矿砂绿色混凝土梁的箍筋应变大于普通混凝土梁,跨中挠度随着剪跨比的增大而增大;从开裂荷载来看,40%替代率的尾矿砂绿色混凝土梁抗裂性能最好,极限承载能力最高。并根据试验结果建立了较为合理的尾矿砂绿色混凝土梁斜截面受剪承载力计算公式。     

青藏高原高寒草甸地区大气CO_2浓度变化特征

大气CO2浓度的长期连续观测是研究全球和区域碳循环过程及其气候和环境效应的重要基础.利用基于非色散红外吸收光谱法(NDIR)的大气CO2在线观测系统,于2012年3月—2013年2月在青海门源大气背景站对青藏高原高寒草甸地区大气φ(CO2)进行了连续观测.结果表明:1观测期间,门源站大气φ(CO2)波动较大,其背景值出现频率为59%,背景值平均为391.2×10-6,低于2012年全球平均值(393.1×10-6);受排放源和吸收汇影响的φ(CO2)非背景值出现频率分别为25%和16%,二者平均值分别为401.1×10-6和380.7×10-6.2夏季φ(CO2)日变幅最大,达到28.9×10-6;春季、夏季、秋季、冬季φ(CO2)最高值分别出现在08:00、07:00、08:00和11:00,最低值均出现在16:00.3门源站φ(CO2)背景值季节变化明显,最高值出现在1月,月均值为397.7×10-6;最低值出现在8月,月均值为381.0×10-6.4不同季节φ(CO2)-风玫瑰图分析结果显示,春季、夏季、秋季φ(CO2)高值主要出现在W-NW-N扇区,冬季高值主要出现在SE-S-SW扇区.门源站大气φ(CO2)的季节变化特征主要是排放源、吸收汇以及地面风共同作用的结果.