溴氰菊酯对罗非鱼血清中溶菌酶质量浓度及肝脾脏影响

随着溴氰菊酯在农业上的广泛应用,其在水环境中的污染机率也在增加。为了研究溴氰菊酯连续暴露对罗非鱼免疫系统的影响。通过测定血清中溶菌酶质量分数,观察罗非鱼(tilapia)肝脾脏的外观变化,以及计算肝脏和脾脏的脏器系数,评价溴氰菊酯连续染毒对罗非鱼的影响。实验设1.0,2.0,3.0,5.0,10.0μg/L5个质量浓度组和空白对照组,同时每组设置一个平行样。试验开始后的第3天,1.0~5.0μg/L质量浓度组的罗非鱼血清中的溶菌酶质量浓度接近或略小于对照组,10.0μg/L质量浓度组与对照组相比下降明显(P<0.05),降幅达49.3%。实验7~15d期间,1.0~5.0μg/L质量浓度组罗非鱼血清的溶菌酶质量浓度渐渐升高,高于正常鱼体的质量浓度,最高值可达138.06±2.2μg/mL,为对照组的220.9%(P<0.05)。10.0μg/L试验组罗非鱼血清中溶菌酶的质量浓度在试验第7天时降至最低,为26.5±1.9μg/mL,为对照组的42.4%,表现出明显的抑制作用(P<0.01)。随着暴露时间的延长,各试验组在20d时恢复至正常水平,血清中溶菌酶的质量浓度与对照组相比没有明显差异(P>0.05);溴氰菊酯染毒第25天时罗非鱼的肝脏和脾脏的脏器系数与对照组相比均未发生明显的差异,罗非鱼的脾脏外观没有发生异常,但肝脏却发生了明显的病变,试验第25d时10.0μg/L质量浓度组罗非鱼肝脏的异常率达66.67%。试验结果表明,溴氰菊酯对罗非鱼血清中溶菌酶的影响是可逆的,对肝脏会造成一定的病理损伤,对脾脏的影响未检出。     

Dynamic evaluation of land productivity in China

For making rational and scientific land-use planning,an inventory indicator of land productivity subject to biophysical limitations and human disturbance is required.This study introduces agricultural land productivity(ALP)as the dynamic indicator to measure land productivity,involving factors that affect agricultural production,such as characteristics of climate,soil,and terrain.As a case study of this dynamic indicator,ALP was estimated at county level and aggregated into provincial level in the whole of China.The result shows that ALP increased during 2000-2010 in China,and the ratios of ALP to the actual grain yield were 65.40%and 66.38%in the years 2000 and 2005,respectively.The ALP is an effective dynamic indicator to estimate the land productivity and to represent the basic conditions about the supply of water,energy,nutrients,and the physical basis for plant growth,as well as the local input.ALP estimation could provide supporting information for policy-making about land production planning and land-use management.     

Carbaryl, 2,4-D,and Triclopyr Adsorption in Thatch-Soil Ecosystems

Thatch development in intensively managed turf sites may cause environmental concerns for greater sorption or leaching of applied chemicals in terrestrial ecosystems. To determine the adsorption potential of Carbaryl (1-Napthyl N-methylcarbamate), 2,4-D (2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid), and Triclopyr (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid) in turf ecosystems, composite thatch and underlying soil samples from three- and six-year-old stands of cool-season Southshore creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) and warm-season Meyer zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) were collected. The samples were processed and analyzed for total organic carbon (C_Org); extractable (C_Ext), humic (C_HA) and fulvic acid (C_FA); anthrone reactive nonhumic carbon (ARC) fractions; and C_HA and C_FA associated iron (Fe) contents. Pesticide adsorption capacity (K _f ) and intensity (1/n), organic carbon partition coefficient (K _OC ) and Gibbs free energy change (Δ G) were calculated for thatch materials and the underlying soils using a modified batch/flow technique. Both bentgrass (BT) and zoysiagrass thatch (ZT) contained a greater concentration of C_Ext, C_FA, C_HA, and ARC than the respective soils (BS and ZS). The C_Ext, C_FA, C_HA, and ARC concentration was higher in BT compared with ZT. The BT contained a greater concentration of bound Fe in both C_FA and C_HA fractions than in BS, whereas ZT had more bound Fe in C_HA fraction than in ZS. On average, the BT had a greater concentration of bound Fe in C_Ext, C_FA, and C_HA fractions than in the ZT. Among the pesticides, Carbaryl had higher K _f and 1/n values than 2,4-D and Triclopyr for both thatch and soil. Although the K _OC and Δ G values of Carbaryl were higher in both BT and ZT than in the underlying soils, the K _OC and Δ G values of 2,4-D were significantly higher in BS and ZS than in the overlying thatch materials. The 2,4-D and Triclopyr had higher leaching indices (LI) than Carbaryl for both BT and ZT materials than the respective soils. The Carbaryl, however, had a higher LI for soils than for thatch materials. Averaged across thatch materials and soils, C_Org accounted for 96, 85, and 84% variations in Carbaryl, 2,4-D, and Triclopyr adsorption, respectively. Among the C_Org fractions, lignin followed by C_FA and C_HA accounted for greater adsorption of pesticides, especially Carbaryl. The concentration of C_HA and C_FA bound Fe did not correlate with K _f and 1/n values of pesticides.     

高光谱植被覆盖度遥感估算研究

以北京大学"无人机遥感载荷综合试验场"为试验区,采集草地植被覆盖度(Vegetation Cover, VC)和相应样方冠层高光谱反射率数据,并对比研究了高光谱反射率三种变换形式(小波能量系数、主成分和植被指数)与VC之间的关系模型。结果表明:在三种变换形式中,植被指数模型(R²大于0.8,RMSE小于等于0.018 8)优于基于小波变换和主成分分析的VC模型;经过对高光谱数据进行小波分解获得的第二和第四小波能量系数与VC之间存在显著的对数相关(R²分别为0.811和0813;RMSE分别为0.019 9和0.019 8);以多个小波能量系数作为自变量的VC多元回归模型明显优于基于主成分的多元线性回归,R²和RMSE分别提高0.058和0.030;将高光谱EVI模型与TM-EVI数据相结合生成的试验区VC空间分布总体上呈北部和南部植被覆盖度高(分别>75%和>55%),中部相对低(15%~55%)的特征,与其土地利用/覆被特征相吻合。     

Three industries and wastewater and COD discharge of Beijing

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回归反射材料光度测试探讨

本文根据回归反射材料所特有的反光性能,对其三种测试方法及可能出现的影响测试结果的因素进行了分析讨论,为测试系统的设计、测试方法和仪器的选择及测试结果的不确定度评估提供参考。     

杭州地区大气气溶胶光学特性高光谱研究

利用ASD地物光谱仪对杭州地区的气溶胶光学特性进行了观测并结合同步观测的太阳分光光度计CE-318的数据对其精度进行检验.分析表明,在时间演变中.杭州市冬季气溶胶光学厚度值比夏季大,气溶胶光学特性的日进程变化比较明显;从空间分异上,杭州不同区域间的差异也比较显著;杭州地区大气的浑浊度系数和波长指数主要分布在0.02～0.2和0.2～2.6之间.在气溶胶光学厚度、浑浊度系数和波长指数等大气环境重要变量中,气溶胶光学厚度和浑浊度系数之间存在正相关,而气溶胶光学厚度和波长指数之间存在负相关.     

疏水性有机物和有机酸碱溶解度的估算

本文从理论上建立了疏水性有机物和任意pH条件下有机酸碱溶解度的估算方法,并估算了不同类型有机物的溶解度,和实测值比较,结构和辛醇相近的有机物吻合较好;结构不同,则有一定的偏差,这是由于假设有机物在辛醇中的活度系物等于1所致。经校正后得到了较好的结果。     

Bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants and quality of organic carbon

U.S. laws require that contaminant bioaccumulation potential be evaluated before dredged material can be recycled. Simple fugacity models, e.g. organic contaminant aqueous partition coefficient (K _oc)-derived theoretical bioaccumulation potential, are commonly used to estimate the partitioning of hydrophobic organic contaminants between sediment organic matter and organism lipid. K _oc-derived models, with or without the addition of a soot carbon term, did not accurately or consistently predict total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorobiphenyls partitioning of eight sediments from ongoing dredging operations onto C₁₈-coated filter paper. These models also failed to predict the partitioning of individual PAHs from these eight sediments. These data underscore the trade-offs between the ease of using simple models and the uncertainty of predicted partitioning values.     

考虑延缓纠正的双应力加速可靠性增长试验方法

目的缩短传统加速可靠性增长试验时间,以及考虑延缓纠正方式对产品可靠性的影响。方法提出考虑延缓纠正的双应力加速可靠性增长试验方法,首先,采用基于延缓纠正AMSAA模型跟踪可靠性增长过程,并采用极大似然估计方法估计模型参数;其次,以温度和振动作为加速应力为例,开展加速寿命试验,获得试验数据,基于广义艾琳模型,通过最小二乘估计方法得到加速系数;然后,将产品可靠性外推到正常应力水平。结果航空蓄电池应用案例分析表明,与基于单应力加载的高应力加速可靠性增长试验相比,所提方法能够缩短29.4%的试验时间,并且采用延缓纠正方式对产品的可靠性有影响。结论为产品在双应力加载方式和采用延缓纠正方式下开展高应力加速可靠性增长试验的可靠性评估提供了技术手段。