有机物料与~(32)P标记过磷酸钙混合施用对磷有效性的影响

本试验利用~(32)P示踪法研究赤红壤上两种有机物料与过磷酸钙混合施用对磷有效性的影响。盆栽试验表明,纸厂废料蔗渣或猪粪与磷肥混合施用比磷肥单独施用更有利于提高格拉姆柱花草的含磷量和总吸磷量。单位施磷量引起的土壤有效磷和植株吸磷量的增加量也是有机物料单施或与磷肥混施高于磷肥单施。在前39d,~(32)P标记过磷酸钙的利用率在单独施用时为2.14％,比混合施用高一倍左右;在80d时,混合施用的磷利用率较快提高,蔗渣与磷肥混施处理超过单独施用,达22.88％。     

湘南第四纪红壤吸附SO_4~(2-)的机理研究

本文研究了湖南第四纪红粘土及其发育的旱地和水田表层土壤对SO_4~2的吸附.结果表明这三种土壤吸附SO_4~2的顺序为;红粘土>旱地红壤>红壤性水稻土.而且随介质pH的升高,SO_4~2吸附量减少,吸附机理也发生改变:当介质pH6.5以后,解吸占优势.     

湘南红壤对NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)的吸附机理研究

本文研究了湘南第四纪红粘土发育的红壤对NO_3和SO_4~(2-)的吸附等温线。结果表明红壤对NO_3~-的吸附在浓度低时为负吸附,浓度高时为正吸附,吸附机理为非专性吸附,红壤对SO_4~(2-)的吸附等温式以Freundlich方程最好,在达到最大吸量(X_m)之前,SO_4~(2-)以置换羟基(—OH)的配位吸附为主;而在达到最大吸附量以后,以非专性物理吸附为主。     

含TOA微胶囊对Cr2O7^2—萃取的研究

用乙基纤维素作膜材将三辛胺（简称ＴＯＡ）微胶囊化，用于萃取酸性水溶液中的Ｃｒ２Ｏ７＾２－离子。通过搅拌法萃取实验表明，ＴＯＡ被微胶囊化后对铬离子仍具有较高的萃取速度，实验测定渗透系数为６．７８×１０＾－６ｍ／ｍｉｎ，并能有效地防止乳化现象。将微胶囊制备成填充柱对Ｃｒ２Ｏ７＾２－进行萃取实验。对外相水的流速、微胶囊粒径、柱的重复使用次数与萃取容量的关系进行了研究。当粒径为１００－２００μｍ，流速为３     

前处理残余铝对曝气池活性污泥的影响规律研究

从活性污泥的絮凝特点、有机物与 NH 4-N 的微生物代谢过程等方面探讨前处理残余铝对曝气池活性污泥的影响规律.结果显示,随着进水Al3 浓度的不断增加,污泥瞬时沉降速度明显增加,而对污泥沉降比影响不大.Al3 对COD去除率基本上没有影响,而对废水中 NH 4-N 氧化过程的影响却非常明显,随着活性污泥中Al3 的逐渐增加, NH 4-N 去除率出现了先升后降的变化趋势. NH 4-N 去除率下降的趋势与Al3 对微生物细胞膜电解质透性的影响规律呈负相关关系,说明Al3 对氨氧化微生物种群的干扰作用最强.     

济南市夏、冬季PM2.5中化学组分的季节变化特征及来源解析

为探究济南市大气气溶胶中化学组分的季节变化特征,于2015年夏季、冬季分别连续进行1个月的PM_(2.5)样品采集,并分析无机离子、碳质组分与水溶性二次有机碳(WSOC)的组成、浓度水平及来源.结果表明,济南市冬季PM_(2.5)的质量浓度[(158.3±95.3)μg·m~(-3)]约为夏季[(75.3±25.9)μg·m~(-3)]的2倍,在我国其浓度处于中上等水平.无机离子的总浓度呈夏低冬高的季节变化特征,其中SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+是浓度最高的3种离子,且这3种离子的相关性均较好,NH_4~+在夏季和冬季均以(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4NO_3的形式存在.大气中存在较高程度的SO_2和NO_2的二次氧化,其中硫氧化率(SOR)呈夏高冬低的变化特征,而氮氧化率(NOR)呈相反的季节变化特征.通过分析PM_(2.5)中阴、阳离子电荷平衡可知,PM_(2.5)呈弱碱性.基于热力学模型ISORROPIA-Ⅱ,结果表明冬季PM_(2.5)的酸性比夏季强.OC与EC浓度均呈夏低冬高的变化特征,由OC/EC的比值、WSOC/OC的比值和估算的二次有机碳(SOC)的浓度可知,夏季二次污染的程度比冬季更为严重.主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,济南市夏季无机离子主要来自二次氧化及生物质燃烧,而冬季无机离子主要来自煤炭燃烧及其产生的前体物经光化学氧化形成的二次污染物.     

西安市PM2.5健康损害价值评估

选取2014、2015、2016年冬季PM_(2.5)(24 h)浓度平均值,采用泊松回归模型评价全市居民连续3 a冬季PM_(2.5)暴露的急性健康损害效应,修正的人力资本法评估过早死亡经济损失,疾病成本法评估住院、患病与门诊经济损失.结果表明,研究时段内(2014、2015、2016年冬季)由PM_(2.5)造成的经济损失约为335.23亿元(95%CI:249.61~369.75)、211.05亿元(95%CI:135.60~268.80)、371.32亿元(95%CI:272.46~411.64),分别约占当年GDP的6.10%(4.54%~6.73%)、3.64%(2.34%~4.63%)、5.91%(4.34%~6.55%);健康经济损失与当年冬季PM_(2.5)浓度均值呈正相关关系;PM_(2.5)污染物对西安市常住人口健康影响显著,影响的病例(2014、2015、2016年)分别约为1 071 338例(95%CI:646 432~1 385 847)、438 273例(95%CI:246 842~599 989)、1 019 503例(95%CI:611 407~1 324 547);对哮喘儿童患者的影响比成人显著,而慢性支气管炎的影响成人比儿童显著.该研究可为西安市实施PM_(2.5)空气质量标准的成本效益分析提供科学的依据,为环境质量的管理提供参考.     

Transformational leadership and employee voice behavior: A Pygmalion mechanism

We theorized and examined a Pygmalion perspective beyond those proposed in past studies in the relationship between transformational leadership and employee voice behavior. Specifically, we proposed that transformational leadership influences employee voice through leaders' voice expectation and employees' voice role perception (i.e., Pygmalion mechanism). We also theorized that personal identification with transformational leaders influences the extent to which employees internalize leaders' external voice expectation as their own voice role perception. In a time‐lagged field study, we found that leaders' voice expectation and employees' voice role perception (i.e., the Pygmalion process) mediate the relationship between transformational leadership and voice behavior. In addition, we found transformational leadership strengthens employees' personal identification with the leader, which in turn, as a moderator, amplifies the proposed Pygmalion process. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新中国70年生态环境建设发展的艰难历程与辉煌成就

中国的生态环境建设,经历了新中国建立之初生产力低下的农耕文明、改革开放后的工业文明、迈向生态文明的三大阶段,每个阶段都有自身的特质、挑战、应对和成效。从1949年到改革开放前,中国整体上表现为农耕文明特征,自然灾害频发、粮食生产短缺、城市化水平低下。为了跳出"马尔萨斯陷阱",新中国的缔造者带领人民治理水患,兴修水利,拓荒垦殖,问题得到缓解但没有得到解决,贫困落后依然,没能彻底摆脱"马尔萨斯魔咒"。改革开放后,工业化快速推进,城市化加速发展,使农民得以从土地中解放出来,极大地提升了劳动生产力;同时也使土地得以从农民手中部分释放出来,不仅大幅提升了土地资源价值,也使土地得以休养生息自我生态修复。虽然快速的工业化、城市化进程大幅提升了生产力、积累了巨量的物质财富,但是进入21世纪以来,中国的发展逼近工业文明的生态红线、环境底线和资源上线,可持续发展挑战不断凸显。2010年后,中国全面启动生态保护、污染控制和资源节约的转型发展进程,高质量、大力度建设生态文明,推进人与自然的和谐 发展。     

Exploring the association between working memory and driving performance in Parkinson's disease

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore whether varying levels of operational and tactical driving task demand differentially affect drivers with Parkinson's disease (PD) and control drivers in their sign recall.

Methods: Study participants aged between 50 and 70 years included a group of drivers with PD (n = 10) and a group of age- and sex-matched control drivers (n = 10). Their performance in a sign recall task was measured using a driving simulator.

Results: Drivers in the control group performed better than drivers with PD in a sign recall task, but this trend was not statistically significant (P =.43). In addition, regardless of group membership, subjects' performance differed according to varying levels of task demand. Performance in the sign recall task was more likely to drop with increasing task demand (P =.03). This difference was significant when the variation in task demand was associated with a cognitive task; that is, when drivers were required to apply the instructions from working memory.

Conclusions: Although the conclusions drawn from this study are tentative, the evidence presented here is encouraging with regard to the use of a driving simulator to examine isolated cognitive functions underlying driving performance in PD. With an understanding of its limitations, such driving simulation in combination with functional assessment batteries measuring physical, visual, and cognitive abilities could comprise one component of a multitiered system to evaluate medical fitness to drive.