膜生物反应器中膜污染层胞外多糖性质及污染特征

胞外多糖是污水处理膜生物反应器中的重要膜污染物质,经醇析、Sevag法去除蛋白质、层析纯化、透析、冷冻干燥得胞外多糖样品。紫外光谱扫描鉴定该胞外多糖样品不含核酸及蛋白质,分别采用HPLC、GC、FT-IR及SEM等手段对其性质进行分析,考察其对聚偏氟乙烯膜的污染特征。结果表明,所得胞外多糖的重均分子量Mw为4.8×106,糖苷键类型主要为1-3和1-6型,是由葡萄糖、鼠李糖、木糖、甘露糖等组成、具有高度分枝网状结构的杂多糖。胞外多糖膜污染过程受沉积层控制,膜的主要污染形式为胞外多糖在膜表面的沉积。     

生物法合成纳米铁的研究进展

纳米铁颗粒的制备技术发展迅速,方法多种多样。生物法因其具有原料来源广,反应条件温和,产物纳米级颗粒不易团聚,以及有毒副产物少等特点,成为学者们争相研究的对象。对近几年国内外采用微生物、植物提取物等合成纳米铁材料的方法及机理进行了阐述,综述了纳米铁在环保领域的应用,并对今后深入研究生物法合成纳米铁的前景进行了展望。     

Comparison of quartz sand, anthracite, shale and biological ceramsite for adsorptive removal of phosphorus from aqueous solution

The choice of substrates with high phosphorus adsorption capacity is vital for sustainable phosphorus removal from waste water in constructed wetlands. In this study, four substrates were used： quartz sand, anthracite, shale and biological ceramsite. These substrate samples were characterized by X- ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy studies for their mineral components （chemical components） and surface characteristics. The dynamic experimental results revealed the following ranking order for total phosphorus （TP） removal efficiency： anthracite 〉 biological ceramsite 〉 shale 〉 quartz sand. The adsorptive removal capacities for TP using anthracite, biological ceramsite, shale and quartz sand were 85.87, 81.44, 59.65, and 55.98 mg/kg, respectively. Phosphorus desorption was also studied to analyze the substrates＇ adsorption efficiency in wastewater treatment as well as the substrates＇ ability to be reused for treatment. It was noted that the removal performance for the different forms of phosphorus was dependent on the nature of the substrate and the adsorption mechanism. A comparative analysis showed that the removal of particulate phosphorus was much easier using shale. Whereas anthracite had the highest soluble reactive phosphorus （SRP） adsorptive capacity, biological ceramsite had the highest dissolved organic phosphorus （DOP） removal capacity. Phosphorus removal by shale and biological ceramsite was mainly through chemical adsorption, precipitation or biological adsorption. On the other hand, phosphorus removal through physical adsorption （electrostatic attraction or ion exchange） was dominant in anthracite and quartz sand.     

Inorganic nitrogen removal of toilet wastewater with an airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor

Removal of inorganic nitrogen (inorganic-N) from toilet wastewater, using a pilot-scale airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor (AEC-MBR) was studied. The results showed that the use of AEC-MBR with limited addition of alkaline reagents and volumetric loading rates of inorganic-N of 0.19-0.40 kg inorganic-N/(m3·d) helped achieve the desired nitrification and denitrification. Furthermore, the effects of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) on inorganic-N removal were examined. Under the condition of MLSS at 1.56-2.35 g/L, BOD5/ammonia nitrogen (NH/-N) at 1.0, pH at 7.0-7.5, and DO at 1.0-2.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of NH4 -N and inorganic-N were 91.5% and 70.0%, respectively, in the AEC-MBR. The cost of addition of alkaline reagent was approximately 0.5-1.5 RMB yuan/m3, and the energy consumption was approximately 0.72 kWh/m3 at the flux of 8 L/(m2·h).     

蠕虫在膜生物反应器和活性污泥法中的污泥减量研究

通过长达345d的中试规模试验,研究比较了蠕虫在膜生物反应器(MBR)和活性污泥法(CAS)的生长状况及其导致的污泥减量效果.CAS中的蠕虫生长状况明显优于MBR的蠕虫生长状况.MBR曝气池中平均蠕虫密度(10条·mg-1)远低于CAS曝气池中平均蠕虫密度(71条·mg-1),并且CAS中蠕虫连续保持高密度(>30条·mg-1)生长达172d.CAS中红斑瓢体虫和仙女虫交替成为优势蠕虫.蠕虫生长对MBR的污泥产率(0 40kg·kg-1)和污泥沉降性能(污泥沉降指数133mL·g-1)影响很小,但却能显著减少CAS的污泥产率(0 17kg·kg-1)和改善污泥沉降性能(污泥沉降指数为60mL·g-1).仙女虫比红斑瓢体虫能更大地减少污泥产量和更好地改善污泥沉降性能.蠕虫生长不影响MBR的COD去除率和出水水质,但却显著影响CAS的COD去除率和出水水质.     

缺氧生物滤池-UASB处理垃圾渗滤液的中试研究

用缺氧生物滤池与UASB相串联的工艺对杭州市天子岭垃圾填埋场惨滤液进行了中试试验。通过实验，总结了缺氧生物滤池的挂膜特性及UASB起动的成功经验。最终的试验结果表明：出水COD、BOD、SS分别稳定在900mg／L、150mg／L、250mg／L以下，缺氧生物滤池对渗滤液具有很好的预处理效果，不仅能脱吸部分NH3、CO2、H2S，而且能提高它的可生化性，为UASB的高效运行创造了良好的条件。     

专家系统在废水生物处理操作和控制中的应用

本文介绍了国外近二十年来专家系统在废水生物处理工艺控制领域的应用及开发的典型系统,分析了废水生物处理工艺难于控制的原因、各类系统的结构和特点及目前废水处理专家系统的不足,探讨了废水生物处理专家系统今后应深入研究的问题及方向     

短程硝化—厌氧氨氧化组合工艺在脱氮领域的研究进展

基于全程硝化反硝化的传统生物脱氮工艺在硝化过程中需要大量氧气供应,反硝化过程需要有机物作为碳源,存在能耗与药耗过大的问题.为了降低废水脱氮的成本,短程硝化(PN)—厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)组合工艺(PNA工艺)得到了高速发展.综述了PNA工艺的影响因素,重点介绍了4种基于PN与ANAMMOX原理开发的衍生PNA工艺...     

C/N比和曝气量影响MBR同步硝化反硝化的研究

通过连续运行MBR研究了C/N比和曝气量对同步硝化反硝化的影响,结果表明,在环境温度13～23℃,MLSS为6.0～6.8 g/L,进水NH⁺₄-N浓度50 mg/L,曝气量0.5 m³/h,HRT为6 h实验条件下,总氮去除率随着进水C/N比的增加而增加,在C/N比为6∶1～8∶1时,TN去除率达到79%～89%,低的C/N比抑制反硝化,过高的C/N比增加了碳源补加的成本。改变反应曝气量,当C/N比为6∶1,曝气量为0.4 m³/h时,TN的去除率达到了最大值85%。曝气量过高或过低,TN去除率均下降。并对在不同曝气量下MBR 内的DO 值分布进行了初步研究。