大型金属矿山环境污染及防治

阅读提示：随着我国国民经济的快速增长,对各类矿产资源的需求越来越大,但在矿山开采中对生态环境的保护不够重视,导致资源与环境的问题日益尖锐。通过对目前我国金属矿山开采带来的生态环境污染及重金属迁移机制的分析,探索金属矿山重金属污染治理和控制的措施和方法,对保护矿山环境具有深远的意义。     

LNAPL在砂质含水层中动态迁移的电阻率法监测试验研究

在海滨潮间带采集细砂,通过室内柴油泄漏模拟试验,利用自制电阻率监测系统对轻非水相液体在砂土-地下水系统垂向渗透过程进行电阻率变化动态监测;通过配制不同含油率砂土测定其静态电阻率变化规律,探讨电阻率变化的影响因素;最后取样分析测定污染含水介质稳定后含水率及含油率,对监测结果有效性进行了验证;并利用显微成像法对污染砂土进行了微观形态分析.结果表明,柴油污染砂土微观形态上胶结现象明显;柴油渗透海滨砂土过程电阻率大小同含水饱和度,比电阻率和含油饱和度之间存在良好的相关性,均可用Archie公式拟合,n值分别为2.36和0.15;通过电阻率测定可以有效估算柴油透镜体厚度;电阻率随深度的变化可以反映含油率和含水率的垂向分布.本研究为轻质油品储罐或者海上油品输运过程泄露造成的海滨砂土地下污染扩散过程监测及机制研究提供了一种有效的方法,也可为其他典型石油泄漏污染场地的电阻率法探测或监测提供参考.     

不同粒径地表街尘中重金属在径流冲刷中的迁移转化

在我国快速城市化进程中,街尘及其径流冲刷引起的重金属污染日显突出.通过对北京市城乡道路街尘及其人工降雨模拟径流冲刷过程中不同粒径街尘中重金属的分析,探讨街尘与径流冲刷过程中的粒径效应及不同重金属赋存形态的动态变化规律.结果表明,同一粒径颗粒物从"静态"街尘到"动态"径流中的颗粒物,重金属浓度呈下降趋势.街尘中重金属在径流冲刷过程中,存在溶解与解析现象,颗粒物粒径越小,减少比率越大,5种重金属(Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn)的减少比率分别为24.3%、56.8%、34.3%、22.8%、27.3%.街尘中的弱酸可提取态比例要略大于径流颗粒物中弱酸可提取态比例,部分以水溶态进入水体中.在径流冲刷过程中,水相溶解态重金属变化不大,水相颗粒态重金属含量随降雨时间径流过程迅速降低.固相颗粒物的重金属浓度随降雨时间总体上呈下降趋势.粒径越小,冲刷率越大,最大为62.1%,最小为4.6%.地表街尘在径流冲刷过程中,小粒径颗粒物具有较强的迁移能力,较容易进入水体造成污染.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯暴露对雄性大鼠生精细胞功能影响

观察不同剂量的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对成年大鼠生精细胞损伤、端粒酶和端粒酶逆转录酶(TERT)表达影响.对40只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分成4组,分别为500mg·kg-1·d-1、250mg·kg-1·d-1、50mg·kg-1·d-1 3个染毒组和1个对照组,灌胃量为5mL·kg-1体重,灌胃法连续给药6周.对体重...     

细胞自动机模拟活性污泥法污水处理过程

从活性污泥法污水处理过程的微观机理出发,建立了污水处理过程的二维细胞自动机模型,并进行仿真实验.结果表明：建立的细胞自动机模型能够实现污水处理过程的动态可视化,复现出了污水中有机物被吸附、降解及微生物生长、繁殖和衰亡的过程;仿真中还讨论了污泥颗粒粒径、有机物分子半径、温度和污泥浓度等因素对模拟结果的影响,因素灵敏度分析...     

某简易垃圾填埋场渗滤液在场底天然土层迁移模拟与长期预测

为了解我国早期建设的简易填埋堆场底部天然土层中污染物迁移状况,作者以安徽某填埋场为例,在前期现场勘查、取样和室内测试工作基础上建立了三维有限元分析模型,对宏量有机污染物COD在土层中的迁移状况进行了模拟分析.通过拟合求参获得COD在该场底土层中扩散系数、机械弥散系数和阻滞因子等运移参数的合理取值,在此基础上开展了污染物...     

腐殖酸及酸雨对贫铀在土壤中迁移的影响研究

 利用经过完善的贫铀迁移模型,研究腐殖酸(HA)及酸雨对贫铀在土壤中迁移的影响.结果表明,对照组(北京地区土壤)DU迁移到达9~11cm,分别添加2%、5%、10%HA的实验组DU迁移依次降低,分别为21~23cm、15~17cm、11~13cm,说明腐殖酸促进了DU迁移; pH值为4.0和3.0的模拟酸雨,分别使贫铀迁移至29~31cm及35cm以上,说明酸雨促进了贫铀迁移;在酸雨和腐殖酸综合作用下贫铀迁移仅到5~7cm,说明腐殖酸和酸雨综合作用抑制了贫铀迁移.     

Competition of bloom-forming marine phytoplankton at low nutrient concentrations

Competition of three bloom-forming marine phytoplankton (diatom Skeletonema costatum, and dinoflagellates Prorocentrum minimum and Alexandrium tamarense) was studied through a series of multispecies cultures with di erent nitrate (NaNO3) and phosphate (NaH2PO4) levels and excess silicate to interpret red tide algae succession. S. costatum outgrew the other two dinoflagellates in nitrate and phosphate replete cultures with 10 mol/L Na2SiO3. Under nitrate limited (8.82 mol/L NaNO3) conditions, the growth of S. costatum was also dominant when phosphate concentrations were from 3.6 to 108 mol/L. Cell density of the two dinoflagellates only increased slightly, to less than 400 and 600 cells/mL, respectively. Cell density of S. costatum decreased with time before day 12, and then increased to 4000 cells/mL (1.5 mg/L dry biomass) at NaNO3 concentrations between 88.2 and 882 mol/L with limited phosphate (0.36 mol/L NaH2PO4) levels. In addition, P. minimum grew well with a maximal cell density of 1690–2100 cells/mL (0.5–0.6 mg/L dry biomass). Although S. costatum initially grew fast, its cell density decreased quickly with time later in the growth phase and the two dinoflagellates were dominant under the nitrate-limited and high nitrate conditions with limited phosphate. These results indicated that the diatom was a poor competitor compared to the two dinoflagellates under limited phosphate; however, it grew well under limited nitrate when growth of the dinoflagellates was near detection limits.     

Effect of nutrient conditions on the toxicity of naphthalene to Chlorella pyrenoidosa

The toxicity of naphthalene to a freshwater microalga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and the subsequent recovery of algae from the damage were investigated under two nutrient conditions, either enriched with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), or starved of N and P. Results showed that C. pyrenoidosa was more sensitive to naphthalene under N,P-enriched condition, and the inhibitory rate generally increased at first and then decreased gradually with the evaporation of naphthalene under both nutrient conditions. Enriched N, P reduced the inhibitory rate at initial naphthalene concentration of 5 and 10 mg/L, but enhanced it at 100 mg/L, at which more severe ultrastructure damages were found than those under N,P-starved condition. Observed damages included partly or totally disappearance of nucleolus, nuclear, and plasma membranes. According to the chlorophyll content and cell density measurements, C. pyrenoidosa could recover from naphthalene damage with initial concentrations 6 50 mg/L in 7 days under both nutrient conditions, while they could not recover if the initial concentration of naphthalene was at 100 mg/L. Under the N,P-starved condition, the inability of C. pyrenoidosa to recover from the naphthalene damage was consistent with the results of high inhibitory rate, low value of specific growth rate (SGR, 0.05 day??1), and the severe destruction of cell structure. However, under the N,P-enriched conditions, the observed lower inhibitory rate, higher value of SGR (0.55 day??1), and the intact cell structure of most cells suggested that algae could potentially recover from the naphthalene damage.     

生物炭输入对土壤污染物迁移行为的影响

重点综述了生物炭输入对土壤中污染物的吸附固持作用及生物有效性的影响,分析其作为土壤添加剂消减土壤污染风险的有效性,为生物炭在土壤中的应用研究提供依据。