升级A/O工艺污水处理系统中抗生素抗性基因的分布与去除研究

针对北方某采用升级A/O工艺的生活污水处理厂,使用实时荧光定量PCR技术,探究污水厂中ARGs的分布及各处理工艺段对ARGs的去除效果.结果表明：四环素抗性基因（tetA、tetC和tetM）、磺胺抗性基因（sul1和sul2）、大环内酯抗性基因（ermA和ermF）和喹诺酮抗性基因（parC和gyrA）在污水和污泥中均被检出.污水厂进水中ARGs的绝对丰度为2.65×10³~1.01×10⁶ copies·mL^-1,升级A/O工艺未能有效削减ARGs,出水中ARGs的绝对丰度为9.22×10³~1.15×10⁶ copies·mL^-1,污泥中ARGs的绝对丰度为8.07×10⁷~2.65×10¹¹ copies·g^-1.深度处理工艺对ARGs的去除效率对比结果显示,生物活性炭工艺对ARGs的削减效果优于紫外消毒.     

Methylobacterium sp.TP-1好氧降解四溴双酚A机理及其功能酶研究

四溴双酚A(Tetrabromobisphenol A,TBBPA)是目前使用最广泛的溴代阻燃剂之一,在各种环境介质中普遍存在,对人体健康具有潜在危害.本研究从沉积物中筛选得到一株可降解TBBPA的菌株,命名为TP-1,经16S rDNA序列分析鉴定为甲基杆菌(Methylobacterium sp.).在pH=7的条件下反应60 h,菌株TP-1对初始浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)的TBBPA降解率为74.87%.采用HPLC-MS测定TBBPA的降解产物,发现主要产物为二溴双酚A、双酚A、4-对羟基苯乙酮和二溴化芳香族化合物,其降解方式主要为β断裂、还原脱溴和氧化,进而初步推测出其降解途径.在此基础上,基于KEGG数据库分析菌株TP-1降解TBBPA的分子生物学机制,依据模拟降解途径和KEGG注释结果推测菌株TP-1降解TBBPA的功能酶为过氧化氢酶(EC:1.11.1.6)、卤代烷脱卤酶(EC:3.8.1.5)、卤乙酸脱卤酶(EC:3.8.1.3)和单加氧酶(EC:1.14.13.7).对这4种酶同源性和编码基因进行对比分析表明,这4种酶与甲基杆菌属菌株的相应功能酶均具有较高的同源性,且相应的基因簇在甲基杆菌属菌株中均具有较好的同线性,据此推测甲基杆菌属的多数菌株具有TBBPA降解能力.本研究可从分子水平阐述TBBPA的微生物降解机制,为相关研究提供有益参考.     

大气环境容量理论与核算方法演变历程与展望

大气环境容量在我国一直被作为环境管控措施制订和空气质量精细化管理的重要依据,相关研究是当前的热点.通过研究大气环境容量的相关文献,结合国家、区域及城市的相关实践工作,对国内外环境容量理论和核算方法的发展特征进行了系统的总结和评述.在综述大气环境容量概念的基础上,分析了其具备的自然属性、社会属性及资源属性三重特征.结合我国大气环境问题和大气污染管理模式的演变历程,分析了大气环境容量理论和实践在引入与探索期、发展与实践期、停滞期和快速发展期等4个不同阶段的发展特点.针对我国先后出现的以煤烟型污染、酸雨型污染和复合型污染为主要特征的3种大气环境问题,分析了大气环境容量的内涵及核定思路.以A值法、线性优化法、模型模拟法为重点,总结了不同核算方法的优点和不足,发现了模型模拟法可以兼顾气象、地形等自然因素和污染源等人为因素对于大气环境容量的影响,并可以反映复杂的大气物理化学过程,更适合以PM_2.5、O₃等复合污染为约束的环境容量的核算.最后,结合环境管理的要求,建议在以下三方面加强研究:①以多种污染指标达标为约束的大气环境容量核算方法;②典型重污染时段的大气环境容量核算方法;③改进模型模拟和多目标优化耦合技术,探讨在空气质量、健康损害、生态破坏、气候变化等多种因素约束下的大气环境容量核算方法.      

我国打印机废弃量估算研究

在对比分析现有7种电子废弃物预测模型的基础上,根据2003—2014年我国打印机销售量和打印机寿命正态分布值,利用市场供给A模型对我国2015—2024年打印机废弃量进行了估算,并分析了废弃打印机的资源价值和环境危害特性。结果显示,2024年我国将产生11421.04万台废弃打印机,2015—2024年累计废弃量达到91525.54万台。分析发现,废弃打印机废料成分复杂,具有环境危害和资源回收的双重属性,若不能得到及时回收和科学处理,不仅会对环境带来很大的压力,还会造成严重的资源浪费。     

水杨酸对多氯联苯污染土壤的修复和微生物群落结构的影响

以浙江省台州电子垃圾拆解地附近多氯联苯污染的农田土壤为研究对象,考察了施肥基础上添加不同剂量水杨酸(5、10、20 mmol·kg-1)对土壤中多氯联苯的去除、脱氢酶活、微生物群落结构及联苯双加氧酶基因相对丰度的影响.结果表明,施肥和施肥基础上添加水杨酸均能显著提高多氯联苯的去除率(p0.05),其中,三氯联苯的去除率最高(28.98%~34.53%).土壤脱氢酶活与多氯联苯去除率随水杨酸添加量的升高呈先增大后减小的趋势,均在10 mmol·kg-1水杨酸处理中达到最大.PCR-DGGE结果显示,水杨酸处理土壤中新增伯克氏菌属(Burkholderia)、潘多拉菌属(Pandoraea)、噬油脂极小单胞菌属(Pusillimonas)、鞘脂菌属(Sphingobium)、甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)和青枯菌属(Ralstonia).Shannon指数表明,10 mmol·kg-1水杨酸处理下土壤微生物最为丰富(p0.05).荧光定量PCR显示,bph A基因在不同处理间没有显著差异,但施肥和施肥基础上添加10、20 mmol·kg-1的水杨酸处理都显著提高了bph D.1.B、bph D.1.C、bph D.2.A和bph D.2.A/B基因的相对丰度.     

The relationship between the black carbon and bisphenol A in sea and river sediments (Southern Baltic)

This study was derived from field investigations to assess bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations in the sea and river sediments of the Gulf of Gdansk. Black carbon (BC) and total organic carbon (TOC) were identified as influencing factors on the accumulation. As a result of the transportation of BC with organic matter via rivers into the Gulf of Gdansk, the highest mean concentrations (11.26 ng BPA/(g dry weight (dw))), were determined in the sediments of river estuaries. Sediments in coastal stations were characterized by the lowest mean concentrations (5.73 ng BPA/(g dw)). TOC content below 0.1% determined the sorption of BPA on BC particles in sediments, and statistically significant correlation between the concentration of BPA and the BC/TOC ratio was found in these cases. In addition, dependency between the concentration of BPA and the content of BC was discovered in sediments where the BC/TOC ratio was > 0.33.     

Bisphenol A exposure alters release of immune and developmental modulators and expression of estrogen receptors in human fetal lung fibroblasts

Bisphenol A(BPA) has been shown to exert biological effects through estrogen receptor(ER)-dependent and ER-independent mechanisms. Recent studies suggest that prenatal exposure to BPA may increase the risk of childhood asthma. To investigate the underlying mechanisms in the actions of BPA, human fetal lung fibroblasts(h FLFs) were exposed to varying doses of BPA in culture for 24 hr. Effects of BPA on localization and uptake of BPA,cell viability, release of immune and developmental modulators, cellular localization and expression of ERα, ERβ and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 30(GPR30), and effects of ERs antagonists on BPA-induced changes in endothelin-1(ET-1) release were examined.BPA at 0.01–100 μmol/L caused no changes in cell viability after 24 hr of exposure. h FLFs expresses all three ERs. BPA had no effects on either cellular distribution or protein expression of ERα, however, at 100 μmol/L(or 23 μmol/L intracellular BPA) increased ERβprotein levels in the cytoplasmic fractions and GPR 30 protein levels in the nuclear fractions.These paralleled with increased release of growth differentiation factor-15, decreased phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B p65 at serine 536, and decreased release of ET-1,interleukin-6, and interferon gamma-induced protein 10. ERs antagonists had no effects on BPA-induced decrease in ET-1 release. These data suggest that BPA at 100 μmol/L altered the release of immune and developmental modulators in h FLFs, which may negatively influence fetal lung development, maturation, and susceptibility to environmental stressors, although the role of BPA in childhood asthma remains to be confirmed in in vivo studies.     

Study of the effects of bisphenol A using human fetal lung fibroblasts

正Bisphenol A(BPA,2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane;CAS#80-05-7)is a highly produced industrial chemical,with an estimated four billion kilograms produced worldwide each year(reviewed in Vandenberg et al.,2010).BPA serves as a monomer in the manufacture of polycarbonate,a hard,clear plastic.Polycarbonate plastics are used in many consumer products,such as reusable water bottles.BPA is also widely used to make epoxy resins,which are used as coating on the inside of some     

A2/O工艺脱氮除磷的中试试验研究

以某污水处理厂初沉池出水为中试试验A2/O工艺进水,连续运行,考察温度、泥龄、溶解氧、厌氧停留时间对氮磷的去除情况.结果表明,系统硝化功能以20℃为界,低于此温度时系统氨氧化速率(AUR)由10.4mgNH4+;-N/L·h降为8.1 mgNH4+-N/L·h,亚硝酸盐氧化速率(NUR)由6.1 mgNO2--N/L·h降为4.8 mgNO2--N/L·h,氨氮去除率由98.8％降为51.2％.在低温条件下,泥龄由13 d延长至16 d,氨氮去除率升至82.5％.曝气采用固定氧供给模式和非固定氧供给模式对TN去除率影响较大,去除率分别为78.1％和63.8％.厌氧水力停留时间由0.93 h提高至1.86 h,TP去除率由40.5％提高至67.3％,厌氧阶段磷浓缩比由1.36倍提高至4.29倍.