秦岭西部不同发育阶段油松和日本落叶松人工林土壤酶活性变化和分布特征

以秦岭西部小陇山沙坝林业试验基地为研究点,采用野外调查采样和室内分析相结合的方法,比较了不同发育阶段油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)人工林林下凋落物分解层(H层)和表土层(A层)理化性质及酶活性的变化。结果表明,2种林型林下凋落物分解层各项土壤理化性质及酶活性指标均明显高于相应表土层。随着林龄的增加,除了土壤纤维素酶活性按幼龄林→中龄林→近熟林呈先升高后降低的变化趋势外,土壤荧光素二乙酸酯水解酶(FDA水解酶)、脱氢酶、蛋白酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性,以及有机质、全氮、有效氮、全磷、有效磷含量随林分的发育总体呈现先降低后升高的变化特征。从幼龄林到近熟林的发育过程中,日本落叶松林下各项土壤理化性质及酶活性指标变化波动性比油松大,说明日本落叶松的引进在一定程度上影响了土壤生物化学过程的强度和方向。除土壤脲酶与pH值之间以及酸性磷酶酸与速效氮之间以外,6种土壤酶活性与土壤pH值,有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷含量之间均呈在α=0.05或α=0.01水平上相关显著。     

河流湿地土壤芘的降解和生物有效性模型与酶活性动态变化(Model of Pyrene Degradation and Bioavailability and Dynamic Changes of Enzymatic Activities in the Riverine Wetland Soil)

在淹水和非淹水条件下,在河流湿地土壤中加入高浓度(10mg·kg-1)和极高浓度(200mg·kg-1)芘,研究了芘降解过程、芘生物有效性和土壤酶活性的长期动态变化.结果表明,培养91d后,高浓度芘处理的土壤中芘的残留率在淹水和非淹水条件下分别为79.0%和51.4%,而极高浓度处理的芘残留率在淹水和非淹水条件下分别为61.1%和33.9%.利用Tenax-ta树脂提取快速解吸态生物有效芘,结果发现,有效芘浓度在高浓度芘处理的两种土壤中的值比较接近,分别为1.01mg·kg-1和1.23mg·kg-1;而有效芘浓度在极高浓度处理的两种土壤的相应值差别较大,分别为20.31mg·kg-1和9.44mg·kg-1.采用四参数Logistic模型能够精确地拟合芘降解过程和生物有效性变化过程(p<0.0001).土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和多酚氧化酶对芘污染敏感,而过氧化氢酶对芘污染不敏感.实验结果揭示了河流湿地土壤芘在淹水条件下降解活跃阶段持续时间短和芘生物有效性高的特征以及土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和多酚氧化酶活性可以作为评估芘污染影响的候选指标.     

烷基多苷促进污泥水解产酸的研究

采用向污泥中投加生物表面活性剂烷基多苷(APG)的方法,研究了APG投加量和水解时间对剩余污泥水解产酸过程的影响.结果表明,APG显著降低污泥表面张力,强化污泥水解,在最适投加量(以TSS计,下同)0.2 g·g-1下,SCOD、蛋白质和可溶性糖的浓度均在12h内达到最大,分别由初始的4 280.2、1 122.9和246.5 mg·L-1上升到6 481.1、1 639.3和1 205.8mg·L-1,同时短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)浓度由1 309.9 mg·L-1增加为2 221.6 mg·L-1,且SCFA的组分分布随之改变,APG投加量越大,SCFAs达到最大浓度所需时间也随之延长.随着APG投加量的增大,α-葡萄糖苷酶相对活力由1.5升至2.5,而蛋白酶相对活力在低投加量下由1.4升至1.9,高投加量下降至1.5.不论APG是否存在,α-葡萄糖苷酶和蛋白酶的活力在达最高后都随着水解时间的延长而逐渐降低.整个过程中pH均呈现先减小后增大的趋势.     

Biodegradation of pyrene by Phanerochaete chrysosporium and enzyme activities in soils: Effect of SOM, sterilization and aging

The impacts of soil organic matter （SOM）, aging and sterilization on the production of lignin peroxidase （LIP） and manganese peroxidase （MnP） by Phanerochaete chrysosporium during the biodegradation of pyrene in soils were investigated. The biodegradation of pyrene by P. chrysosporium decreased with increasing SOM content, whereas the maximum activities of LiP and MnP increased, which indicates that SOM outweighed pyrene in controlling enzyme production. Sterilization enhanced the degradation of pyrene due to the elimination of competition from indigenous microbes, whereas aging led to a reduction in the degradation of pyrene primarily through changes in its sorbed forms. Both sterilization and aging could reduce SOM content and alter its structure, which also influenced the bioavailability of pyrene and the enzyme activity. The sterilization and aging processes caused changes in the degradation of pyrene, and the enzyme activities were greater in soils with high SOM contents. MnP was related to the degradation of pyrene to a greater extent, whereas LiP was more related to the decomposition of SOM.     

Adaptation of microbial communities to multiple stressors associated with litter decomposition of Pterocarya stenoptera

To understand the further impacts of multiple stressors in freshwater, we investigated the effects of heavy metal(HM, Cu and Zn) and nutrient enrichments(nitrogen and phosphorus, NP) on microbial decomposition of Pterocarya stenoptera litter and the associated extracellular enzyme activities and microbial biomass with microcosms. Results showed that the decomposition rates were slower in the polluted stream waters than those in the unpolluted ones, which corresponded to lower microbial biomass and integrated enzyme activities of cellulose and β-glucosidase. The decomposition rates were accelerated at low HM level, which was associated with the stimulated enzyme activities of hydrolytic enzymes or was stimulated by both NP levels in polluted stream waters. In particular, the hydrolase enzyme activities of microbial communities in polluted stream waters were stimulated by low HM level, suggesting that low HM level-stimulated litter decomposition may be due to the increased enzymatic activities. When microbial communities were exposed to HM and NP simultaneously, the inhibitory effect(in unpolluted stream waters) or the stimulated effect(in polluted stream waters) of low HM concentration was enhanced and attenuated, respectively, which suggests that the NP antagonistic effect against HM toxicity on litter decomposition may contribute to the litterassociated extracellular enzyme activities. These results suggest that the co-occurrence of HM and NP may have antagonistic effects on stream ecosystem functioning.     

土壤微生物活性对石油原油、铅镉及其复合污染的响应

随着工农业生产的迅猛发展、石油原油及重金属等原材料的广泛开采与使用,使石油原油、重金属及其复合污染日趋加重,对环境及人类的危害也越来越大.采用室内培养试验,利用人工模拟污染土壤,研究石油原油、铅镉及其复合污染胁迫对土壤微生物活性的影响.试验设置4个处理:1新鲜土壤(S)作为对照;21000 mg·kg~(-1)石油原油污染土壤(SP);3500 mg·kg~(-1)铅和50 mg·kg~(-1)镉污染土壤(SH);41000mg·kg~(-1)石油原油污染、500 mg·kg~(-1)铅和50 mg·kg~(-1)镉复合污染土壤(SPH).结果表明:与对照相比,SH、SP、SPH处理土壤基础呼吸强度最高分别增加约100.99%、36.61%、25.80%,铅镉污染(SH)对土壤基础呼吸影响最显著,反映出重金属污染对土壤基础呼吸的激活作用最强;石油原油污染(SP)与石油原油及铅镉复合污染(SPH)刺激土壤微生物量碳增加,SP处理最高增加了90.25%,而铅镉污染(SH)则使土壤微生物量碳减少.不同土壤酶对污染处理的响应不同,其中,石油原油污染(SP)对FDA水解酶及脱氢酶活性表现为激活作用;石油原油或石油原油及铅镉复合污染(SP、SPH)对脲酶及过氧化氢酶活性主要表现为激活作用,而铅镉污染(SH)对脲酶及过氧化氢酶活性主要表现为抑制作用.该研究表明,石油原油及铅镉复合污染对土壤微生物活性的影响与石油原油或铅镉污染的影响不同,它们之间存在着明显的交互作用.     

ABR反应器处理碱减量印染废水的启动研究

对折流板厌氧反应器(ABR)处理碱减量印染废水的启动过程进行了实验研究.ABR接种厌氧颗粒污泥,以模拟碱减量印染废水作为启动进水,在温度为32～35℃,进水pH值为7.8～8.3条件下,采用低负荷方式启动ABR.反应器经过了70 d共6个阶段的连续运行后完成启动,实现了对碱减量印染废水的高效稳定运行.稳定运行反应器的平均容积负荷(以COD计)达到1.93 kg·(m3.d)-1,出水pH值7.3左右,COD平均去除率为78%以上.启动后期ABR各隔室功能分区较为明显并且形成了性能良好的厌氧颗粒污泥,相对于启动前期各隔室内颗粒污泥的粒径增大,沉降性能变好,颗粒污泥的f(MLVSS/MLSS)值均达到0.65以上.启动完成后各隔室内的微生物具有较高活性,ABR中厌氧颗粒污泥的平均DHA浓度(以TF计)和平均辅酶F420浓度分别为88.8μ(g·h)-1和0.18μmol·g-1.     

Study on the sensitivity to cadmium of marine fish Salaria basilisca（Pisces： Blennidae）

The present study tested the sensitivity of Salaria basilisca to water-cadmium (Cd) contamination. For this purpose, liver somatic index (LSI), Cd concentrations and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured in the liver of S. basilisca exposed to Cd-contaminated water (2 mg Cd/L as CdCl2) for 14 and 28 d. The results showed that the LSI decreased significantly after 14 and 28 d of Cd-exposure. Cd bioaccumulation in the liver resulted in an increasing uptake up to 42 g/g dry weight after 28 d of exposure. Activities of CAT and SOD were significantly increased with increasing exposure time. A significant increase in GSH-Px activity, under Cd influence, was observed during 14-day exposure period (p < 0.0001). However, a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in this activity with respect to control fish was registered after 28 d of Cd-exposure. These results showed that Cd accumulation in the liver of S. basilisca could induce oxidative stress as demonstrated by changes in the antioxidant enzyme activities. Results also emphasized that S. basilisca may considered as a sensitive species to Cd exposure.     

太湖水体中碱性磷酸酶的空间分布及生态意义

在对太湖生态湖区进行分区的基础上,监测各湖区水体碱性磷酸酶活性、动力学参数以及常规水环境化学指标,探讨水体碱性磷酸酶活性的空间分布特征及其环境影响因素.结果表明,太湖水体碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)、最大反应速率(Vmax)值及碱性磷酸酶反应米氏常数(Km)值分布均呈空间异质性;APA与Vmax值具有相似性的空间分布规律,即西岸河口区水体中APA值与Vmax值最大,分别为(9.43±5.30)nmol.(L.min)-1和(13.70±7.42)nmol.(L.min)-1,在其他湖区依次为湖心区>草型湖区>梅梁湾区>竺山湖区>贡湖区;草型湖区Km值(20.50±11.30)μmol.L-1>贡湖区>竺山湖区>梅梁湾区>湖心区>西岸河口区(9.17±3.46)μmol.L-1.太湖水体中Vmax与pH、总磷(TP)、叶绿素a(Chla)之间均存在显著的线性正相关,其相关系数分别为rpH=0.651 2**(p<0.01)、rTP=0.488 5**(p<0.01)、rChla=0.765 6**(p<0.01),但与水温、溶解性总磷(DTP)、正磷酸盐(PO43--P)无显著的相关性;Km值与TP浓度间呈显著的线...     

焦化废水中降解酚优势菌漆酶活性研究

本实验选取哈依煤气反应器内的活性污泥沉降物作为菌源,以邻甲基酚做为唯一碳源,分离纯化得菌株Enterobacter sp.j11,测定酚浓度、温度、pH值及同酚浓度下的时间变化对于菌株产漆酶活性的影响。结果表明：温度35℃～40℃、pH6.5～7.5、酚800 mg/L条件下菌株生长状态佳,酶活性高;酚浓度一定800 mg/L时,测定了24 h内漆酶随时间的变化,得知菌株8 h后即适应高酚条件。说明该菌株适应能力强、产漆酶稳定。