胶质芽胞杆菌对印度芥菜根际土壤镉含量及土壤酶活性影响

采用根袋法盆栽试验,研究分别接种活菌量浓度为1×1010CFU.kg-1(处理A)和2×1010CFU.kg-1(处理C)的胶质芽胞杆菌,对根际土壤镉含量和土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,处理A、C对根际土壤镉的去除率分别达到37.62%、38.27%,是对照(24.47%)的1.54、1.56倍.胶质芽胞杆菌处理后土壤酶活性均有所增强,土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性在根际土壤大于非根际,随着时间延长土壤磷酸酶活性逐渐升高,脲酶和过氧化氢酶呈现先增高后降低的变化趋势,而脱氢酶活性在非根际土壤大于根际土壤,也呈现先增高后降低的变化趋势.对照组及处理A、C组中根际Cd含量与土壤磷酸酶、脲酶呈现显著或极显著负相关.研究表明,施入胶质芽胞杆菌不仅可以提高超富集植物对土壤Cd的净化效果而且对土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶及脱氢酶均有一定的积极作用,其结果可为该菌辅助植物修复镉污染土壤的机制性研究提供理论指导.     

基于同位素示踪技术分析小白菜中Pb的来源

为了探明乌鲁木齐市小白菜中Pb的污染来源,采用Pb同位素示踪法,结合盆栽试验种植小白菜,测定了成熟期小白菜不同部位Pb同位素单体计数值及其比值,分析了灌溉水、土壤、降尘对小白菜Pb的贡献率及小白菜Pb的可能来源.结果表明:大气降尘、灌溉水和土壤对小白菜地上部Pb的贡献率分别为51.50%、31.8%、16.7%,大气降尘对小白菜可食用部Pb含量的影响最大;对小白菜根系Pb累积的贡献率分别为2.20%、77.5%、20.30%,灌溉水对小白菜根系Pb含量累积的影响最大.尾气烟灰、燃煤、建筑降尘是导致乌鲁木齐市叶类蔬菜可食用部Pb含量超标的主要原因.     

两种不同镉富集能力油菜品种耐性机制

利用水培试验研究了不同浓度镉(cadmium,Cd)胁迫条件下(0、2和5 mg·L~(-1))两种Cd富集能力油菜品种[秦油1号(QY-1)和三月黄(SYH)]生长状况与Cd富集特征的差异,并从Cd亚细胞区隔化和抗氧化酶活性等角度探索了两种油菜Cd富集能力的差异机制,并通过田间试验进行验证.结果表明,水培条件下,这两种油菜在Cd胁迫下生长均未受到明显的抑制.在低浓度Cd(2 mg·L~(-1))处理下,两种油菜地上部Cd含量无显著差异,在高浓度Cd(5 mg·L~(-1))胁迫下SYH的地上部和根部Cd含量均显著高于QY-1,分别提高32. 05%和99. 57%,同时其根部生物富集系数(BCF)也较QY-1显著提高.对两种油菜叶片中Cd亚细胞区隔化研究结果表明,随着Cd处理浓度的增加,QY-1和SYH叶片中Cd在热稳定蛋白和镉富集颗粒组分的分布分别提高了143. 69%、118. 91%和63. 34%、118. 91%,由此可见将Cd区隔在热稳定蛋白和镉富集颗粒体等重金属解毒组分是油菜在亚细胞水平上的重要解毒机制.同时,高浓度Cd胁迫下SYH叶中Cd在细胞碎屑组分的含量达QY-1的4. 41倍,可知Cd在细胞碎屑组分中的分布是导致两种油菜Cd富集能力差异的重要机制.结合对两种油菜抗氧化酶活性研究结果,发现抗氧化酶系统可能是QY-1应对高浓度Cd胁迫的重要解毒机制,而SYH则更多地通过将Cd区隔在金属低活性的亚细胞组分来减轻其毒性.田间试验结果验证表明,SYH地上部和地下部Cd含量均显著高于QY-1,分别是QY-1的2. 34和1. 43倍.综上所述,SYH具有更高的Cd提取量和富集能力,具有应用于中轻度Cd污染农田修复的潜力.     

火炬树叶片腐解物浸提液对上海青种苗生长的影响

用培养皿方法测定了土壤腐解对火炬树（Rhus typhina）叶片化感作用潜力的影响。试验结果表明：腐解0、5 d的火炬树叶片,在浸提液质量浓度为0.02、0.04、0.08 g.mL-1时,对上海青（Brassica chinensis）种子萌发及幼苗生长表现为抑制作用,且抑制作用强度随浸提液质量浓度增大和腐解时间延长而加强。腐解时间达10、20和30 d时,0.01、0.02 g.mL-1的浸提液对上海青种子萌发及幼苗生长表现为促进作用,0.04、0.08 g.mL-1的浸提液仍对上海青种子萌发及幼苗生长表现为抑制作用,且促进作用随腐解时间延长而加强,抑制作用均随腐解时间延长而减弱。     

Ameliorating effects of hormone and Cu on salt stressed Brassica nigra (L.) Koch with reference to growth and biochemical characteristics

The ameliorating effects of exogenous hormone and calcium were investigated in salt-stressed black mustard seedlings (Brassica nigra L.). The seedlings were subjected to various treatments: control (nutrient solution), salt stress, kinetin/abscisic acid (ABA)/calcium chloride (CaCl₂). Sodium chloride (NaCl) inhibited shoot length (45–55%) and root (<75%). Further, alterations in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were consistent with changes in levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde (MDA). The beneficial effects of ABA and CaCl₂ in ameliorating salt stress may be attributed to the reduction of membrane peroxidation and increased glutathione (GSH) levels. These observations suggest that oxidative stress resulting from salt stress in B. nigra may result in production of antioxidative enzymes to counteract oxidative damage, and the enzymes may contribute to the ability of B. nigra to survive adverse conditions. Data indicate that hormone and ion in the order of kinetin > ABA > calcium alleviate the adverse impact of salt on B. nigra.     

2种基因型菜心根系解剖结构差异及其对DEHP吸收累积的影响

在前期筛选出油青60 d菜心和特青60 d菜心分别为PAEs高/低吸收累积基因型菜心的基础上,对其进行邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)不同污染水平(20 mg.L-1、50 mg.L-1)的溶液培养试验,对比研究2种基因型菜心根系解剖结构的差异性,初步探讨其与菜心吸收累积DEHP的关系.结果表明,油青60 d菜心和特青60 d菜心的根系解剖结构及其对DEHP污染处理下的响应均存在显著差异.油青60 d菜心根系和茎叶中DEHP含量均主要受主根形成层外围厚度和须根中柱直径控制,决定系数分别为0.900和0.809.特青60 d菜心根系中DEHP含量主要受主根形成层外围厚度和须根皮层厚度控制,决定系数为0.757;茎叶中DEHP含量主要受主根形成层外围厚度控制,决定系数为0.856.油青60 d菜心根系木射线细胞形状以排列规则的长方形为主,主根木栓层厚度和须根皮层厚度较小,须根中柱直径、导管数和导管直径较大,表明油青60 d菜心根系比特青60 d菜心更有利于对DEHP的吸收累积.     

Single and joint stress of acetochlor and Pb on three agricultural crops in northeast China

In order to evaluate ecological risk of agrochemicals in agricultural environment, single and joint toxic effects of an important herbicide and a typical heavy metal on root elongation of crops were investigated. Seeds of the three crops including wheat （Triticum aestivum）, Chinese cabbage （Brassica pekimensis） and soybean （Glycine max） as the main crops in northeast China were exposed to acetochior as a herbicide and lead （Pb） as a heavy metal using the pot-culture method, and meadow brown soil as one of the main soils distributed in northeast China was applied in the investigation. The results indicated that the interactive effects of the two pollutants on root elongation of the three crops were very complicated although they had markedly significant （P〈0.01） linear interrelationships based on the regression analyses. When the concentration of added Pb^2＋ reached 200 mg/kg, acetochlor and Pb had an antagonistic effect on the inhibition of root elongation of the three crops. However, acetochlor and Pb had significantly （P〈0.05） synergic effects on the inhibition of root elongation when concentration of added Pb^2＋ was up to 1000 mg/kg. At the low concentration of added Pb, joint toxicity of acetochlor and Pb was more dependent on the concentration of Pb. Among the three crops, wheat was the most sensitive to the toxicity of Pb and Chinese cabbage was the most sensitive to the toxicity of acetochlor.     

土施和喷施锌肥对镉低积累油菜吸收镉的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了土施和喷施不同用量Zn SO4对镉(Cd)低积累油菜生长、Cd吸收及微量元素含量的影响,并通过分析Cd在油菜体内的累积分配规律及土壤Cd有效性变化来揭示其作用机理.结果表明,土施锌(Zn)肥可以显著提高Cd低积累油菜的地上部生物量,最大可使其比对照处理增加71.4%;而喷施Zn肥对Cd低积累油菜地上部生物量没有显著影响.土施和喷施Zn肥都可显著降低Cd低积累油菜的地上部Cd含量,最大降幅为41.4%;在Zn肥用量相差8~10倍的情况下,二者降低油菜地上部Cd含量的效果无显著差异.土施Zn肥可使Cd低积累油菜地上部Cu和Fe含量显著升高,而喷施Zn肥对其没有显著影响,土施和喷施Zn肥都使Cd低积累油菜地上部Mn含量显著降低.土施Zn肥可显著提高土壤有效态Zn含量,但对土壤有效Cd含量没有显著影响;土施和喷施Zn肥可以显著降低油菜根部Cd净吸收量和Cd转运系数,油菜地上部Cd含量与根部Cd净吸收量呈显著的正相关关系(p0.01),而与Cd转运系数无显著的相关性,这表明施用Zn肥降低油菜地上部Cd含量主要是由于抑制根部Cd吸收引起的.总之,喷施Zn肥是调控Cd低积累油菜安全生产的较好措施.     

叶用油菜和孔雀草间作对植物生长和镉累积的影响

为揭示镉（Cd）低积累作物与超富集植物间作对Cd污染土壤安全利用和提取修复的作用,通过盆栽试验,将两种Cd累积能力不同的叶用油菜（Brassica chinenesis L.,低积累油菜华骏和普通油菜寒绿）与4种孔雀草（Tagetes patula L.,矮杆红花、矮杆黄花、高杆红花和高杆黄花）间作,研究间作措施对两类植物生长、光合作用参数、Cd累积以及土壤有效态Cd和可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量的影响.结果表明,与单作相比,间作后油菜生物量显著降低,孔雀草生物量显著升高.间作处理中油菜叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率较单作均显著降低.华骏与矮杆红花间作时,华骏地上部Cd含量较单作显著降低14.5%,矮秆红花地上部Cd含量显著增加36.5%;其余间作处理下油菜地上部Cd含量均显著升高或无显著变化,而孔雀草地上部Cd含量无显著变化.间作处理下,油菜地上部Cd累积量较单作处理显著降低,孔雀草地上部Cd累积量显著升高.间作处理下土壤Cd提取率与孔雀草单作处理无显著差异.油菜地上部Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd以及DOC含量分别呈极显著和显著的正相关关系.总之,Cd低积累油菜华骏与孔雀草矮杆红花间作组合表现最佳,在Cd污染菜地土壤的修复和安全利用中有较好的应用价值.     

Leaf surface compound fromBrassica oleracea (Cruciferae) induces oviposition byPieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Summary Chemicals present on the surface of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) leaves were extracted by dipping these leaves for 3 s in dichloromethane followed by a 3 s dip in methanol. When offered in dual choice bioassays using green paper cards as a substrate, the methanol extract stimulated oviposition activity byPieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) females. The oviposition stimulant was isolated using medium pressure liquid chromatography, reversed-phase HPLC, ion-pair HPLC and ion exchange chromatography. Using¹H-NMR spectroscopy, the stimulant could be identified as glucobrassicin (3-indolyl-methyl-glucosinolate). When pure glucobrassicin was offered at a dose identical to that in the crude methanol extract, butterflies did not discriminate between these two substrates in a dual choice test. It is argued that a high sensitivity for indole glucosinolates as host recognition factors may confer an adaptive value for these specialist crucifer feeders. The nutritional significance of their precursor tryptophan and the non-volatile nature of the aglycones formed upon enzymic hydrolysis in damaged tissues are proposed as properties of indole glucosinolates that contribute to this possible adaptive advantage.