Role of nitrification inhibitor DMPP( 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate) in NO3--N accumulation in greengrocery(Brassica campestris L. Ssp. Chinensis )and vegetable soil

The influence of nitrification inhibitor(NI) 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate accumulation in greengrocery ( Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis) and vegetable soil at surface layer were investigated in field experiments in 2002 and 2003.Results showed that NI DMPP took no significant effect on yields of edible parts of greengrocery, but it could significantly decrease NO3^--N concentration in greengrocery and in vegetable soil at surface layer. In addition, NI DMPP could reduce the NO3^--N concentration during the prophase stage of storage.     

暗处理对油菜子叶类囊体膜色素组成和荧光性质的影响

以蜀杂10号油菜为材料,播种7 d后分别置于自然光照条件和黑暗环境中进行暗处理,未处理油菜在d 5、d7、d 14、d 17、d 21、d 24和d 27时收集子叶,暗处理油菜于播种d 8、d 10、d 12和d 14时收集子叶.制备油菜子叶类囊体膜,分析色素含量,并进行类囊体膜丙酮抽提液窜温吸收光谱、叶绿素荧光发射和激发光谱以及蛋白质内源荧光光谱的分析.结果显示:与未处理油菜相比,暗处理引起油菜子叶类囊体膜光合色素Chl a和Chl b含量急剧减少,Chla/b比值和叶绿素/类胡萝卜素(Chl/Car)比值持续下降,类囊体膜对叶绿素的捕光能力和受激发能力降低,类囊体膜蛋白质内源荧光强度降低,以及色素蛋白复合物降解.上述结果表明,暗处理诱导油菜子叶快速进入衰老阶段,类囊体膜蛋白组成和色素的光合功能均发生了明显的变化.图10参23     

小白菜的干鲜状态对其铅的生物可给性的影响(Effects of Dry and Fresh States of Brassica chinensis on the Oral Bioaccessibility of Lead)

为了研究小白菜的干鲜状态对其铅的生物可给性的影响,设置了对照(不添加铅,本底值为32.37mg·kg-1)、300mg·kg-1和500mg·kg-13种土壤铅浓度处理的盆栽实验,并将收获的小白菜分别以干样和鲜样进行基于生理学的invitro人工胃肠模拟实验,测定其中铅的生物可给性.结果表明:栽种2个月后,小白菜铅含量分别达到0.38mg·kg-1、4.55mg·kg-1和12.50mg·kg-1(干重),对铅的富集系数分别为0.012、0.015和0.025,可能存在较高的健康风险.invitro实验表明:样品干鲜状态、铅浓度处理以及二者的交互效应是影响铅的生物可给性的重要因素.无论干样还是鲜样,铅在胃阶段和小肠阶段的溶解态量均随样品铅含量的增加而线性增加;对于同一铅浓度处理,鲜样中铅的生物可给性无论在胃阶段还是小肠阶段均显著高于干样(p<0.01).使用干样进行健康风险评价可能会低估小白菜中的铅对人体的健康风险.     

Physiological and antioxidative response of Brassica nigra (L.) to ZnO nanoparticles grown in culture media and soil

Abstract

To investigate metal nanoparticle-induced phytotoxicity, Brassica nigra seeds were exposed to 50–1000?mg L^?1 ZnO nanoparticles in culture media and 100–1000?mg kg^?1 in soil. Plant length and weight were adversely affected in culture conditions, but with soil the effect was not significant. Determination of the radical-scavenging potential revealed that soil grown plants were less stressed than plants grown on culture medium. The total antioxidant and reducing power potential of soil grown plants were less variable compared to plants grown on culture medium. Total phenolic and flavonoid concentrations varied in plants, which changed with the nanoparticle’s concentrations in medium and soil. High performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that rutin was the major antioxidative molecule that significantly increased in nanoparticles-stressed B. nigra plants.     

硫对土壤中硒形态变化及油菜硒吸收的影响

本研究以优质高产甘蓝型油菜(湘农油571)为试验材料,通过苗期土培和溶液培养试验,分析了硫肥对外源施硒条件下土壤硒赋存形态和硒价态变化的影响,旨在揭示硫调控油菜硒吸收的作用机制.结果表明,5 mg·kg-1硒和150 mg·kg-1硫对油菜生长都有一定的促进作用,但这种促进都没有达到显著水平;施硫可以显著降低油菜地上部和根的硒含量,最高降幅分别为64.0%和39.1%;施硫可以显著降低土壤pH值,最高可降低0.65个单位,显著增加土壤有机质含量,最高可增加1.76 g·kg-1;施硫可以显著降低水溶态硒和铁锰氧化物结合态硒含量并显著增加有机结合态硒含量,而对交换态和残渣态硒含量的影响不显著;施硫可以显著降低水溶态并显著增加交换态中四价硒的含量,对这两种形态中的六价硒含量都表现为显著的降低作用,对负二价硒含量没有显著的影响;油菜对两种硒价态的吸收差异与硫密切相关,无硫时,六价硒处理的苗期油菜地上部和根的硒含量为四价硒处理的7.3倍和3.2倍,而硫浓度为2 mmol·L-1时,其硒含量却不及四价硒处理的32.6%和8.7%.总体上,施用适量硫肥在改善作物生长的同时可以通过降低土壤pH值和提高有机质含量促使水溶态硒在土壤中向铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态的钝化并抑制硒向六价态的转化来降低油菜对硒的吸收,对合理调控富硒地区作物硒含量,保证我国居民饮食质量和安全、土壤硒资源长效利用及区域经济发展具有重要意义.     

餐饮废水发酵生产微生物菌肥及其应用的研究

以学校食堂餐饮废水为原料,通过发酵培养获得粘红酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌菌液,按照不同比例混合菌液制备微生物液体菌肥,在盆栽小油菜种植中检测其应用效果。利用餐饮废水发酵所得粘红酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌菌液pH为5.5~7.5,未检出杂菌且有效活菌数高于80亿/m L,N、P、K总养分大于4.6%,以体积比为4∶1混合施用于盆栽小油菜,其鲜重、叶绿素含量和过氧化氢酶活性与对照组相比分别提高了33.4%、34.1%和8.2%。     

绿肥间作和秸秆覆盖对冬季油菜根际土壤有机碳及土壤呼吸的影响

在全球变暖的大背景下,农田土壤呼吸成为农业碳排放的主要途径,而绿肥对抑制温室气体排放、实现节能减排有巨大潜力.在我国西南紫色土地区,有关绿肥间作条件下的农田土壤呼吸特征尚不明确.通过绿肥紫云英与油菜间作,重点研究了秸秆覆盖条件下紫云英与油菜间作对冬季油菜根际土壤有机碳及土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,与秸秆覆盖相比,隔根方式成为影响油菜根际土壤有机碳含量的主要因素,绿肥间作使油菜根际土壤有机碳含量显著降低;秸秆覆盖可促进油菜田间土壤呼吸,而绿肥间作抑制了油菜田间土壤呼吸,土壤呼吸受油菜生育阶段影响较大,呈现出先下降后升高再下降的总体特征,且与土壤温度之间表现出回归式抛物线关系,根际呼吸在油菜生长后期成为土壤呼吸的主要成分.     

纳米氧化铜对镉胁迫下小油菜生理生化和重金属累积的影响

为探究纳米氧化铜（CuO NPs）在镉（Cd）胁迫下对作物生长、生理特性和重金属吸收的影响,采用水培实验,以夏绿2号小油菜为供试植物,研究了CuO NPs （0、10、20和50 mg ·L^-1）和Cd （0、1和5 μmol ·L^-1）单一和复配处理下小油菜鲜重、光合色素、丙二醛含量（MDA）、抗氧化酶活性［过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）］以及Cu和Cd含量.结果表明,在单一CuO NPs处理下,小油菜鲜重以及CAT、POD、GR酶活性总体上受到抑制,叶绿素含量和SOD活性随浓度增加呈现出先增加后降低趋势,而小油菜叶部、根部MDA含量以及亚细胞中Cu含量随投加量增加而增加.1 μmol ·L^-1Cd处理下,添加CuO NPs促进了小油菜生长,鲜重较对照增加了8.70%~44.87%,当Cd浓度达到5 μmol ·L^-1时,低浓度CuO NPs （10 mg ·L^-1）处理表现为促进植物生长,高浓度（50 mg ·L^-1）处理则呈抑制效应.不同Cd处理下添加CuO NPs均提高了小油菜的光合色素和MDA含量,其中小油菜叶部MDA含量较对照增加了4.34%~36.27%,根部MDA含量增加了13.43%~131.04%.Cd浓度为1 μmol ·L^-1处理下施加CuO NPs后,小油菜叶部CAT和GR活性均下降,POD活性上升;当Cd浓度达到5 μmol ·L^-1时,CuO NPs提高了小油菜叶部POD活性,抑制了SOD和GR活性,CAT活性随浓度升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势.CuO NPs与Cd表现出拮抗作用,添加CuO NPs后,1 μmol ·L^-1 Cd处理下小油菜叶部和根部Cd含量最大降幅分别为45.64%和33.39%,5 μmol ·L^-1 Cd处理下叶部和根部Cd含量最大降幅分别为18.25%和25.35%,小油菜亚细胞器中Cu和Cd质量分数下降,可溶性组分质量分数上升.综上所述,低浓度下CuO NPs可以促进Cd胁迫下植物生长,抑制植物对Cd吸收,但会增加植物氧化损伤.     

Naturally-assisted metal phytoextraction by Brassica carinata: Role ofroot exudates

Due to relatively high chelant dosages and potential environmental risks it is necessary to explore different approaches in the remediation of metal-contaminated soils. The present study focussed on the removal of metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) from a multiple metal-contaminated soil by growing Brassica carinata plants in succession to spontaneous metallicolous populations of Pinus pinaster, Plantago lanceolata and Silene paradoxa. The results showed that the growth of the metallicolous populations increased the extractable metal levels in the soil, which resulted in a higher accumulation of metals in the above-ground parts of B. carinata. Root exudates of the three metallicolous species were analysed to elucidate their possible role in the enhanced metal availability. The presence of metals stimulated the exudation of organic and phenolic acids as well as flavonoids. It was suggested that root exudates played an important role in solubilising metals in soil and in favouring their uptake by roots.     

磷酸缓冲液预处理对高温胁迫下油菜叶片膜脂过氧化及体内保护系统的影响

高温胁迫下，油菜叶片细胞膜相对透性、丙二醛（MDA）含量和过氧化物酶（POD）活性增加；抗坏血酸（ASA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、可溶性蛋白质总量及热稳定性蛋白质所占比例与超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性下降;酸缓冲液预处理可维持较高的保护酶活性、抗氧化物质含量和较低的膜脂过氧化水平．