部分城市空气中颗粒物的元素组成比较

通过对数浓度图和分歧系数对中国广义、武汉、兰州和重庆4座城市空气中粗细颗粒物的42种元素组成进行了比较。结果表明，与人类活动有关的污染元素主要富集在细颗粒物中，而粗颗粒物中元素相对于细颗粒物来说更多的来自于土壤；同一座城市内城区同郊区相比，元素污染更严重，城郊之间细颗粒物中元素在短距离和有利地形下传输作用十分明显。同时还比较了城市之间的元素污染程度。结果表明，兰州城区相对于其它采校点位颗粒物中元素污染较为     

长株潭都市区湘江生态经济带建设

都市区作为高密度的人类聚集地,人口与生态环境的矛盾日益突出。都市区生态经济建设显得尤为重要。长株潭都市区3座城市呈“品”字型分布,湘江一水串起3市,建设集旅游观光、生态绿化、科技园区、住宅区和重点小城镇于一体的带状生态经济综合体,即湘江生态经济带,对整个长株潭都市区生态经济建设发挥重要作用。     

重庆市主城区大气环境质量变化分析及对策研究

对重庆市主城区大气污染因子二氧化硫、氮氧化物、总悬浮颗粒物近年来的变化进行了分析,并对大气环境质量变化的影响及原因进行了研讨,提出了综合控制及治理的对策和措施,以期对重庆市经济大力发展和造就良好的人居环境提供有价值的依据和理论指导。     

重庆地区土地人口承载力 SD 模型研究

本文建立了重庆地区土地人口承载力的系统动力学模型,模型包括人口、土地利用、种植业、渔业、林业、畜牧业和粮食储备7个子系统。作者分析了模型的主要结构及其功能,并对模型进行了仿真模拟,同时提出政策建议。本文模型可作为决策者进行决策分析的工具。     

重庆市大气TSP中水溶性无机离子的化学特征

于2001至2002年在重庆市7个采样点采集了TSP,进行了水溶性无机离子分析。结果发现,SO42-离子浓度最高,其浓度范围为6.32~20.96μg/m3;Ca2 次之,其浓度范围0.78~7.47μg/m3;SO42-、NO3-和NH4 三种离子占TSP质量的8.05%~20.96%。Ca2 、K 与SO42-和NO3-都有很好的相关性,[NO3-]/[SO42-]比值较低(均值为0.4),说明重庆市区普遍使用含硫燃煤。SO42-浓度冬季最高,主要与冬季燃煤的消耗增大有关,NO3-季节明显,与NO3-的形成环境温度密切相关。水溶性无机离子质量浓度有较明显的区域差异,中心城区采样点离子质量浓度高于距离中心城区较远的采样点。     

重庆市乡村生产空间系统风险评价及其空间分异格局

科学评价乡村生产空间系统风险水平并揭示其空间格局特征,差异化设计风险管控措施,对引导和调控乡村生产空间系统多元主体行为选择、实施健康可持续乡村振兴战略具有重要意义。在理清乡村生产空间系统风险机理的基础上,从风险源压力、风险载体状态、风险控制机制响应三个方面构建了乡村生产空间系统风险综合评价指标体系,以重庆市37个区县为研究单元,2016年为研究时点,评价了乡村生产空间系统风险水平并揭示其空间分异特征,据此提出了乡村生产空间系统风险管控的差异化措施。研究表明：（1）乡村生产空间系统风险的产生是风险源压力、风险载体状态、风险控制机制响应三者相互联系、共同作用的结果。（2）重庆市乡村生产空间系统风险总体上属于中等水平,呈现出“东高西低”的空间格局,系统压力、状态、响应水平空间分异特征明显,并从空间管制、土地利用模式、防灾减灾救灾体系等维度提出了差异化风险管控措施。     

Groundwater characterization in major industrial and residential locations of Lagos metropolis

This study investigated the quality of groundwater collected from two industrial and residential locations, each within the Lagos metropolis. Prescribed standard procedures of the American Public Health Association (APHA) were used to measure the physicochemical parameters of each of the groundwater samples, which include pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand; the anions chloride (Cl^?), nitrate (NO₃^?), sulfate (SO₄^?), and phosphate (PO₄^?); and heavy metals copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr). Based on the laboratory analysis, the physicochemical parameters that were measured were within the permissible ranges specified by the World Health Organization and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON), except for pH, TDS, EC, Pb, Mn, and Fe for groundwater samples from the industrial locations and for pH, Pb, Mn, and Fe for residential locations. The elevated concentrations of TDS and EC reported for groundwater samples from industrial locations were attributed to the heavy discharge of effluents from nearby industrial treatment plants as well as the dissolution of ionic heavy metals from industrial activities involving the use of heavy machines. Statistical analysis using Pearson's correlation revealed the physicochemical parameters to be moderately and strongly correlated with one another at either p < .05 or < .01. In conclusion, groundwater samples from residential locations are more suitable for drinking than those from industrial locations.     

重庆市都市功能核心区秋季大气污染物时空分布特征

为研究重庆市都市功能核心区大气污染物浓度水平及变化规律,统计分析了2014年9月至2014年11月5个监测站(解放碑、高家花园、杨家坪、新山村和南坪)24 h连续监测PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、CO和O_3浓度数据.结果表明,观测期间,大气颗粒物污染严重,5个站点PM2.5日均浓度超标率分别为30.8%、37.4%、38.5%、37.4%和31.9%,5个站点PM10日均浓度超标率分别为23.1%、22.0%、18.7%、19.8%和19.8%;重庆市都市功能核心区细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))污染严重,5个站点PM2.5占PM10比例分别为60.2%、64.6%、64.1%、75.4%和62.8%;PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2和CO早晚出现高峰值;SO_2和O_3浓度日变化曲线呈现单峰型,峰值分别出现在中午和午后;降水量、气温和水汽压与PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2和NO_2呈显著负相关;相对湿度与O_3呈显著负相关,气温、水汽压和风速与O_3呈显著正相关;CO与相对湿度呈显著正相关;风向也影响着大气污染物浓度的时空分布,南偏西、南偏东和东北偏北风利于PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和CO浓度积累,西北风利于PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和CO扩散;但西北风控制下利于O_3浓度积累.     

生活垃圾制备衍生燃料(RDF-5)——以重庆市为例

以重庆市生活垃圾为例,通过分选、破碎和干燥预处理后,得到以塑料、纸类、竹木、织物和厨余为主要成分的制备衍生燃料(RDF-5)的原料,测试了不同含水率和成型压力条件下制得的RDF-5的理化性质.结果表明,原料含水率为8%,成型压力为10 MPa时,RDF-5的延展率和耐性指数良好,便于贮存和运输.燃烧试验表明,RDF-5燃烧后灰渣的热灼减率满足《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》(GB 18485—2014)的要求(5%).另外,根据2006 IPCC国家温室气体名录导则和生命周期评价(LCA),制备RDF-5对温室气体排放贡献为455.92 g·kg-1RDF-5(以CO2当量计).     

Characteristics of air pollution by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the typical industrial areas of Tangshan City, China

The ambient air in vicinity of different industrial sources for PCDD/PCDFs was sampled by TSP/PM10 active samplers and passive PUF disk samplers in Tangshan City, a metropolis containing clusters of various industrial plants. The TEQ concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs ranged from 44.2 to 394.1 fg I-TEQ/m3 with an average of 169.9 fg I-TEQ/m3. 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF was the dominant contributor to PTEQ, contributing 41% (12% to 55%), while 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, OCDD and OCDF were the major congeners for the total concentrations. The ratios of PPCDF/PPCDD reached 2.54 on average, suggesting that de novo synthesis in thermal processes played an important role to the airborne pollution of PCDD/PCDFs. The similarities congener profiles indicated that TSP and PM10 active sampling methods are comparable for the determination of the PCDD/PCDFs in ambient air, and the ratios of concentrations determined by the two methods suggested that the PCDD/PCDFs tended to stay in fine particles. It was found that 2,3,7,8-TCDF and OCDD were the dominating congeners in the passive PUF disks samples. Through principal components analysis, the coke industry was suggested to be a relatively high potential emission source for PCDD/PCDFs in the ambient air of Tangshan, which was possibly formed by de novo synthesis mechanism. In this study, the atmospheric impacts to the environment from di erent industrial sources could be ranked as follows (from high to low): coking, iron sintering, steel making, power generation and chlorinate alkali chemical production industries.