The oil industry along the Atlantic coast of Cameroon: Assessing impacts and possible solutions

While the oil industry along the Atlantic coast of Cameroon has made important contributions to the national economy, this has been accompanied with adverse environmental impacts. There has been significant pollution from oil drilling, refinery waste, oil spillage, gas and flaring. After discussing these impacts, this paper argues that prevailing regulations are inadequate and need overhauling. It proposes that cleaner production requires:

(i)

specific laws to protect dwellers in the neighbourhood of oil refineries, filling stations, service stations and pipelines;     

Approaches to integrating indicators into 3D landscape visualisations and their benefits for participative planning situations

In discussing issues of landscape change, the complex relationships in the landscape have to be assessed. In participative planning processes, 3D visualisations have a high potential as an aid in understanding and communicating characteristics of landscape conditions by integrating visual and non-visual landscape information. Unclear is, which design and how much interactivity is required for an indicator visualisation that would suit stakeholders best in workshop situations. This paper describes the preparation and application of three different types of integrated 3D visualisations in workshops conducted in the Entlebuch UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (CH). The results reveal that simple representations of a complex issue created by draping thematic maps on the 3D model can make problematic developments visible at a glance; that diagrams linked to the spatial context can help draw attention to problematic relationships not considered beforehand; and that the size of species as indicators of conditions of the landscape's production and biotope function seems to provide a common language for stakeholders with different perspectives. Overall, the of the indicators the functions required to assist in information processing. Further research should focus on testing the effectiveness of the integrated visualisation tools in participative processes for the general public.     

用松香胺萃取处理含酚废水的研究

用松香胺萃取处理模拟含酚废水。研究了萃取剂组成、油水比、废水酸度对分配系数的影响,萃取温度、萃取时间对脱酚效率的影响,以及反萃剂的浓度、用量和反萃温度对反萃率的影响。     

Prioritizing R&D for the U.S. Department of Energy's Weapons Complex Clean-Up

Prioritizing the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) targeted R&D program supporting weapons-complex clean-up has been problematic. Considering issues common to all R&D evaluation, linking R&D prioritization to clean-up project prioritization, the latter aligned with institutional goals, offers a pragmatic solution. This method is illustrated with results of a clean-up prioritization model of DOE's Oak Ridge National Laboratory site.     

Development of a Model for Simulation of Solute Transport in a Stream–Aquifer System

A model for simulation of solute transport in a dynamic stream–aquifer system is developed by integrating four existing sub-models. Interface packages are created to link the sub-models. The developed model is successfully used to simulate chloride transport in the stream–aquifer system of the Arkansas River and the Equus Beds Aquifer in Kansas and demonstrates that chloride concentration in the aquifer decreases in the vicinity of the simulated channel over time.     

含瓦斯煤岩突出过程数值模拟

含瓦斯煤岩突出是煤炭开采过程中一种复杂的工程诱发灾害。根据煤岩体变形与瓦斯渗流的基本理论 ,考虑煤岩介质材料力学性质的非均匀性特点以及煤岩介质变形破裂过程中透气性的非线性变化特性 ,建立了含瓦斯煤岩突出过程固气耦合作用的RFPA2D Flow模型。利用该模型对石门掘进诱发的含瓦斯煤岩突出进行了初步的数值模拟 ,模拟结果再现了煤岩介质在瓦斯压力、地应力和煤岩力学性质等因素综合作用下由裂纹萌生、扩展、相互作用、贯通直至失稳抛出的突出全过程 ,揭示了采动影响下煤岩介质渐进破坏诱致突变的非线性本质 ,包括含瓦斯煤岩破裂过程中应力场的演化 ,为含瓦斯煤岩突出机理研究提供一套全新的数值试验分析工具。     

International environmental agreements with support

We augment the standard cartel formation game from non-cooperative coalition theory, often applied in the context of international environmental agreements, with the possibility that singletons support coalition formation without becoming coalition members themselves. We assume their support takes the form of a monetary transfer to the coalition, in order to induce larger coalitions, higher levels of public good provision and higher payoffs. We show that, under mild conditions on the costs and benefits of contributing to the public good (e.g. abatement of greenhouse gas emissions), there exist equilibria with support. Allowing for support increases payoffs to each of three types of agents: members, supporters and free-riders.     

某公路边坡锚杆支护系统的安全评价

对某公路节理岩质边坡的安全稳定性进行分析,并提出支护措施。通过FLAC3D建立计算模型,采用强度折减法计算安全系数,得到边坡在未支护情况下的安全系数为0.67,处于不稳定状态。采用全长注浆锚杆进行支护。建立正交试验,以安全系数和工程造价为目标,以锚杆的长度和倾角为因素,得到6 m,2 m,20°的参数优化方案。计算表明,边坡支护后安全系数为1.29,处于稳定状态。同时,得到边坡在开挖扰动和锚杆支护情况下,各个部位的静态位移和动态位移响应,表明:锚杆支护有效地限制了位移的发展,有利于边坡稳定。