Microalgae cultivation and culture medium recycling by a two-stage cultivation system

Nutrients and water play an important role in microalgae cultivation. Using wastewater as a culture medium is a promising alternative to recycle nutrients and water, and for further developing microalgae-based products. In the present study, two species of microalgae, Chlorella sp. (high ammonia nitrogen tolerance) and Spirulina platensis (S. platensis, high growth rate), were cultured by using poultry wastewater through a two-stage cultivation system for algal biomass production. Ultrafiltration (UF) or centrifuge was used to harvest Chlorella sp. from the first cultivation stage and to recycle culture medium for S. platensis growth in the second cultivation stage. Results showed the two-stage cultivation system produced high microalgae biomass including 0.39 g·L^–1Chlorella sp. and 3.45 g·L^–1S. platensis in the first-stage and second-stage, respectively. In addition, the removal efficiencies of NH₄⁺ reached 19% and almost 100% in the first and the second stage, respectively. Total phosphorus (TP) removal reached 17% and 83%, and total organic carbon (TOC) removal reached 55% and 72% in the first and the second stage, respectively. UF and centrifuge can recycle 96.8% and 100% water, respectively. This study provides a new method for the combined of pure microalgae cultivation and wastewater treatment with culture medium recycling.

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一段式亚硝化厌氧氨氧化SMBBR处理中低浓度氨氮废水

在常温条件下,采用一段式亚硝化厌氧氨氧化SMBBR处理中低氨氮浓度废水.结果表明,在进水氨氮浓度为100 mg·L^-1,溶解氧为0.4~0.7 mg·L^-1条件下,负荷（以N计）为0.16 kg·（m³·d）^-1,去除率可达（51.58±6.80）%,实现了一段式亚硝化厌氧氨氧化的稳定运行.AOB、ANAMMOX和NOB活性分别稳定在（2253.21±502.10）、（4847.46±332.89）和（1455.17±473.83）mg·（m²·d）^-1,AOB和ANAMMOX菌之间形成了良好的协同作用.高通量结果显示,Ca.Brocadia（ANAMMOX）、Nitrosomonas（AOB）和Nitrospira（NOB）占比分别为11.57%、1.01%和0.94%.一段式部分亚硝化厌氧氨氧化工艺的稳定运行为厌氧氨氧化技术处理中低浓度氨氮废水提供了参考.     

秦岭西部不同发育阶段油松和日本落叶松人工林土壤酶活性变化和分布特征

以秦岭西部小陇山沙坝林业试验基地为研究点,采用野外调查采样和室内分析相结合的方法,比较了不同发育阶段油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)人工林林下凋落物分解层(H层)和表土层(A层)理化性质及酶活性的变化。结果表明,2种林型林下凋落物分解层各项土壤理化性质及酶活性指标均明显高于相应表土层。随着林龄的增加,除了土壤纤维素酶活性按幼龄林→中龄林→近熟林呈先升高后降低的变化趋势外,土壤荧光素二乙酸酯水解酶(FDA水解酶)、脱氢酶、蛋白酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性,以及有机质、全氮、有效氮、全磷、有效磷含量随林分的发育总体呈现先降低后升高的变化特征。从幼龄林到近熟林的发育过程中,日本落叶松林下各项土壤理化性质及酶活性指标变化波动性比油松大,说明日本落叶松的引进在一定程度上影响了土壤生物化学过程的强度和方向。除土壤脲酶与pH值之间以及酸性磷酶酸与速效氮之间以外,6种土壤酶活性与土壤pH值,有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷含量之间均呈在α=0.05或α=0.01水平上相关显著。     

浅析新建炼油化工企业HSE管理体系的建立运行

介绍了新建炼油化工企业HSE管理体系建立的总体程序,指出了策划及运行阶段过程中应关注的重点。     

异波折板厌氧废水处理技术研究

设计异波折板复合厌氧反应器,进行为期12个月的生活污水处理试验研究。试验结果表明,在温度处于(25±2)℃条件下,反应器的最佳水力停留时间(HRT)为6h。此时所对应的COD、TN、TP去除率分别为76.95%、36.56%、39.28%;最适厌氧污泥区容积百分比为45%～65%;最适进水COD浓度为150～800mg/L。控制HRT为6h,查明温度降至(7±1)℃时所对应的COD、TN、TP分别为63.53%、20.28%、22.35%;最大比甲烷生产率降至1.95mL(/gVSS·h)。此研究结果表明在北方地区低温度条件下应用该技术处理低浓度生活污水可行。基于试验结果,阐明了此厌氧生物处理技术处理低浓度生活污水的高效机理在于异波折板复合厌氧反应器具有高效传质和双层分阶段多生物相的特点。     

高店水库试营运期水质变化影响分析

本文以高店水库为例,采用对比分析的方法,结合污染源现状调查,研究了高店水库试营运期间水质在时间上和空间上的变化趋势,并得出高店水库试营运期水质的变化主要与淹没区的土壤污染物有关的结论。     

Stage‐Discharge Relationships for U‐, A‐, and W‐Weirs in Un‐submerged Flow Conditions1

Thornton, Christopher I., Anthony M. Meneghetti, Kent Collins, Steven R. Abt, and S. Michael Scurlock, 2011. Stage‐Discharge Relationships for U‐, A‐, and W‐Weirs in Un‐submerged Flow Conditions. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):169‐178. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00501.x Abstract: Instream rock weirs are routinely placed into stream systems to provide grade control, reduce streambank erosion, provide energy dissipation, and allow fish passage. However, design and performance criteria for site specific applications are often anecdotal or qualitative in nature, and based upon the experience of the design team. A study was conducted to develop generic state‐discharge relationships for U‐, A‐, and W‐weirs. A laboratory testing program was performed in which scaled, near‐prototype U‐, A‐, and W‐rock weir structures were constructed in 11 configurations. Each configuration encompassed a unique weir shape, bed material, and/or bed slope. Thirty‐one tests were conducted in which each structure was subjected to a sequence of predetermined discharges that minimally included the equivalent of 1/3 bankfull, 2/3 bankfull, and bankfull conditions. All tests were performed in subcritical, un‐submerged flow conditions. Stage‐discharge relationships were developed using multivariant, power regression techniques for each of the U‐, A‐, and W‐rock weirs as a function of the effective weir length, flow depth, mean weir height, rock size, and discharge coefficient. Unique coefficient expressions were developed for each weir shape, and a single discharge coefficient was proposed applicable to the weirs for determining the channel stage‐discharge rating.     

低温阶段程序升温法对煤氧化过程影响的研究

基于温控方式对煤氧化指标测试的重要性,采用自主研制的煤氧化模拟试验系统,通过与恒温测试法对比煤氧化升温过程中CO的生成量,研究低温阶段程序升温法对煤氧化过程的影响。结果表明:程序升温法能较好地表现出煤的氧化能力,但程序升温会造成煤样罐中温度场分布不均匀,温度梯度逐渐增大,煤体氧化程度不相同。低温条件下,程序升温法对煤氧化过程的影响总体上还比较小,且程序升温法采用程序控制温升,升温连续性好,操作简单,是一种可靠的温控方式,可以替代恒温测试法进行测试,有很好的应用价值。     

Investigation of chipping and wear of silicon wafer dicing

Wafer dicing chipping and blade wear processes in transient and steady stages were investigated. Dicing blades with two different diamond grit sizes were used to cut wafers. In the cutting experiments, the dicing blades with two different diamond grit sizes were used to cut wafers and for a given type of wafer, the cooling water temperature, cutting feed speed, and rotational speed were fixed. The chipping size, blade surface wear area and surface roughness of the wafer were measured at cutting distances of 50, 150, 300, 975, 1350, and 1900 m, respectively. Cutting debris of cutting distances of 300 m and 1900 m was collected and analyzed. The correlation between blade surface properties and chipping size was investigated. Based on this experimental system, attention is to pay to examine the correlation between blade surface properties and chipping size for transient stage and steady stage. In transient stage, the roughness of dicing blade increases rapidly. This will rapidly increase the chipping size. In steady stage, the chipping size decreases slowly with the decreasing roughness of blade surface. This concludes that blade surface condition is an important factor that affects the chipping size. Moreover, in transient stage, diamond grits that are salient or less bonded to the blade detach leave caves on the blade surface which increases surface roughness of the blade and the chipping size. In steady stage, the heights of grits become even and the chipping size decreases accordingly.     

不同缺氧段硝酸盐氮浓度条件下连续流单污泥污水处理系统PHA、TP代谢

根据试验结果和物料平衡分析,揭示了连续流单污泥污水处理系统在不同主要缺氧段硝酸盐氮质量浓度[c(NO3)]条件下运行时的PHA、TP代谢规律,从反应机制方面评价以c(NO3)作为连续流单污泥污水处理系统运行控制参数的有效性.采用PLC自动控制系统,以硝化液内循环流量作为被控变量,基于反馈控制结构,在c(NO3)设定值分别为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5以及4.0 mg·L-1的条件下进行试验研究,进水水质及其他运行设计参数保持不变.结果表明,当c(NO3)设定值为2.5mg·L-1时,厌氧段和预缺氧段PHA合成并贮存量、主要缺氧段PHA降解量、厌氧段和预缺氧段磷释放量、系统总吸磷量以及主要缺氧段磷吸收量等均达到最大值,分别为35.32、1.71、20.44、6.16、0.32、8.04、3.67 g·d-1.这从PHA和TP代谢机制角度进一步证实了c(NO3)可作为连续流单污泥污水处理系统的运行控制参数,其最佳设定值为2.5 mg·L-1.