Estimation of probabilities and likely consequences of a chain of accidents (domino effect) in Manali Industrial Complex

Chains of accidents (the domino effect) have been occurring with ever increasing frequency in chemical process industries. This is reflected in several accidents ‘J Loss Prevent Process Ind 12 (1999a) 361’; the world's worst industrial accident of the 1990s — the Vishakhpatnam disaster — also involved the domino effect ‘J Loss Prevent Process Ind 12 (1999a) 361; and Process Safety Prog 18 (1999b) 135’. Such chains of accidents have a greater propensity to cause damage than stand-alone accidents ‘Process Safety Prog 17(2) (1998a) 107; and J Loss Prevent Process Ind 12 (1999a) 361’.In order to assess the likelihood of occurrence of the domino effect and its damage potential, use of deterministic models in conjunction with probabilistic analysis is required. Recently we have proposed a systematic methodology called ‘domino effect analysis’ (DEA). A computer-automated tool, DOMIFFECT, has also been developed by us based on DEA ‘Process Safety Prog 17(2) (1998a) 107; Environment Model Software 13 (1998b) 163; and Risk assessment in chemical process industries: advanced techniques. Discovery Publishing House (1998c)’.This paper illustrates the application of DEA and DOMIFFECT to an industrial complex comprising 16 different industries. Out of 12 credible accident scenarios envisaged in three different industries — namely Madras Refineries Limited (MRL), UB Petrochemicals (UBP) and Indian Organic Chemicals Limited (IOCL), eight scenarios are likely to cause the domino effect. A further detailed analysis reveals that accidents in the storage of liquified petroleum gas and propylene and in the reflux drum units of MRL may cause domino effects. Similarly, propylene storage of UBP and monoethylene glycol storage of IOCL are also likely to cause domino effects. The impact of various chains of accidents has been forecast which reveals that in several cases the accidents may be catastrophic, harming the entire industrial complex of 16 industries. The study leads to the identification of ‘hot spots’ — units that pose the greatest risk — in turn forewarning the industries concerned and enabling them to prioritize and augment accident-prevention steps.     

建立西部地区生态经济系统的新探索

分析中国西部地区生态环境的主要问题及其生态环境建设在中国的战略地位，指出西部地区应建立环境与经济相互协调，互相促进的生态经济体系。并从技术结构层面和政策层面对西部地区生态经济系统的建立提出一些新的想法与建议。     

沈抚灌区土壤生态恢复途径初步研究

沈抚灌区是我国最大的石油类污灌区之一 ,已有长达 40年的污灌历史。灌区土壤中石油类有机污染物积累严重 ,特别是芳烃类污染物所占比例逐年增高 ,已给区域人群健康带来很大的潜在威胁 ,农田土壤的生态恢复迫在眉睫。本文全面分析了沈抚灌区土壤的污染特点 ,进行了土壤生物修复的初步研究 ,阐述了土壤生物修复方法的选用和开发方向 ,并对该区域生态恢复的途径进行了探讨     

Electrically enhanced photodegradation of an azodye(Acid Orange II) using a Pt/TiO_2 film electrode irradiating with an UV lamp

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｐｒｉｎｔｉｎｇａｎｄｄｙｅｉｎｇｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｈａｓａｈｉｇｈｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｉｍｐａｃｔ,ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌｌｙｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｒｅｌｅａｓｅｏｆｌａｒｇｅｖｏｌｕｍｅｓｏｆｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｔｈａｔｃｏｎｔａｉｎｈｉｇｈｏｒｇａｎｉｃｃｈａｒｇｅａｎｄｓｔｒｏｎｇｃｏｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎ .Ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｍａｎｙｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓｔｏｔｒｅａｔｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｆｒｏｍｐｒｉｎｔｉｎｇａｎｄｄｙｅｉｎｇｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ ,ｂｕｔｔｈ…     

沈阳“十五”生态环境保护工作设想

分析了沈阳主要生态问题 ,阐述了问题症结所在 ;同时提出相应的生态保护对策、措施和任务。     

硫酸盐气溶胶直接和间接辐射气候效应的模拟研究

将大气化学模式引入到区域气候模式中，实现同步计算大气化学成分和气象要素，以中国地区1994年1、4、7、10月为研究对象，模拟了4个月的气候变化。通过分析发现，硫酸盐气溶胶的直接和间接辐射效应都使大气顶产生负的辐射强迫，使地面气温下降；间接效应的引入加剧了辐射强迫和地面降温，是一个不可忽视的重要过程，在模拟中风吹草动时考虑直接和间接效应是必须的。     

粉煤灰的粉体特性及其对减水效应的影响

通过对粉煤灰颗粒形貌、平均粒径、粒度分布等粉体特性参量的测定和计算分析 ,发现粉煤灰的减水效应主要来自圆球形玻璃微珠的滚珠轴承润滑作用或对水泥絮凝结构的分散作用。过细的粉煤灰大掺量取代水泥后有可能会降低其减水效应     

乡镇铝厂大气氟污染对区域冬小麦生长影响的研究

通过对郑州市某乡镇电解铝厂附近的参气，土壤及冬小麦等生态因素含氟量的分析与研究，表明：（１）铝厂所排放的化物是造成冬小麦减产的主要原因：（２）冬小麦各部位器官含量与距污染源的距离呈负相关；（３）对电解铝生产过程排放的气态氟化物应采取相应的治理和防护措施。     

Genetic diagnosis by chorionic villus sampling before 8 gestational weeks: Efficiency,reliability, and risks on 317 completed pregnancies

Transabdominal chorionic villus sampling (TA-CVS) was attempted in 328 high-risk pregnancies at 6–7 weeks of gestation. Sampling was feasible in 97.7 per cent of cases; chorionic tissue specimens of more than 10 mg were obtained in 94.4 per cent ofcases at the first needle insertion and in 100 per cent after a second attempt. Fetal karyotyping succeeded in 99.4 per cent of cases, while no diagnostic failures were reported in enzymatic and DNA analyses. Fetal loss rate in the first 4 weeks after CVS was significantly higher than in the later CVS series (7.2 vs. 2.5 per cent), but 50 per cent of losses were observed within 2 weeks in cases of inviable aneuploidies. A high incidence of severe limb abnormalities (1.6 per cent) was detected in pregnancies intended to continue, confirming the aetiological role of early CVS. Unclear visualization of the placental limits and poor control of the needle path are thought to be the main reasons for the vascular disruption of the chorionic plate, and thereby hypoxic embryo tissue damage. A better selection of cases, together with high-resolution vaginal ultrasound visualization, and analytical techniques requiring a minimal amount of tissue should avoid any teratogenic effect of early CVS.     

A3钢在不同化学清洗液体中的腐蚀失重分析

在A3钢腐蚀试验中,为完全清除腐蚀样品表面的腐蚀产物,必须采用化学清洗的方法.在比较不同的化学清洗效果之后,得出以下实验结果：柠檬酸铵-氨水系列对空白样的腐蚀很小,几乎为零,但是该溶液对腐蚀样品的腐蚀产物清洗效果不好;硫酸-有机缓蚀剂酸洗液对金属的空白腐蚀较重,使实验误差较大;有机缓蚀剂-盐酸系列对空白样的腐蚀适中,对腐蚀样品的腐蚀产物的清除也较完全.