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排序方式: 共有562条查询结果,搜索用时 12 毫秒
51.
This paper applies the concept of Hybrid Governance to the analysis of the GASAP (Groupe d’Achats Solidaires de l’Agriculture Paysanne), a solidarity-based producers–consumers network established in Brussels in 2006. The Hybrid Governance concept allows to capture the role of key governance tensions in driving the self-organisation, scaling out and self-reflexive dynamics of Alternative Food Networks (AFNs). The approach provides a multifaceted and sound socio-political account of the ways AFNs arise, self-organise, associate and build networks in the pursuit of their food allocation objectives, often facing a contradictory socio-institutional environment. Three types of governance tensions, i.e. organisational, resource, and institutional, as well as the interactions among them, are analysed throughout the life-course of the GASAP network. The analysis identifies three phases in the GASAP’s life-course, showing how governance tensions and their interrelations arise and play a critical role in conditioning the overall development of the organisation through time. The paper concludes with highlighting prospective values of the hybrid governance approach for the analysis of AFNs in general. These values relate to: the role of the hybrid approach in illuminating on key drivers behind the scaling out of AFNs; the hybrid governance as a tool to conceptualise and sustain the self-reflexive capacity of local food initiatives and the ways by which this approach unravels challenges to build cooperative alliances and networks among a diversity of agents in the food arena.  相似文献   
52.
The distance between where food is produced and consumed is increasing, and is often taken as evidence of an unsustainable global food system. Seafood is a highly traded commodity yet seafood sustainability assessments do not typically consider the impacts of the movement of products beyond the fishery or farm. Here we use life cycle assessment to examine the carbon footprint of the production and distribution of select seafood products that are consumed in Australia and determine differences in the sustainability of imports and their domestically produced counterparts. We found that the distance food is transported is not the main determinant of food sustainability. Despite the increased distance between production and consumption, carbon footprints of meals from imported seafood are similar to meals consisting of domestically produced seafood, and sometimes lower, depending on the seafood consumed. In combining LCA with existing seafood sustainability criteria the trade-offs between sustainability targets become more apparent. Carbon ‘footprinting’ is one metric that can be incorporated in assessments of sustainability, thereby demonstrating a broader perspective of the environmental cost of food production and consumption.  相似文献   
53.
农地土壤重金属Pb和Cd有效性测定方法的筛选与评价   总被引:4,自引:6,他引:4  
陈莹  刘汉燚  刘娜  蒋珍茂  魏世强 《环境科学》2021,42(7):3494-3506
作物重金属累积主要受土壤中重金属有效性的制约,由于土壤种类和污染特征的差异,目前尚无公认的有效态测定方法.为筛选建立适宜土壤铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)有效性评价的方法,本文选择重庆市4种性质差异较大的典型农地土壤:酸性紫色土、中性紫色土、石灰性黄壤和钙质紫色土,系统比较了氯化钙(CaCl2)、醋酸铵(NH4OAc)、盐酸(...  相似文献   
54.
不同有机物料对水稻根表铁膜及砷镉吸收转运的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
李开叶  赵婷婷  陈佳  赵秀兰 《环境科学》2021,42(4):2047-2055
通过盆栽试验研究了油菜秸秆、蚕豆秸秆、泥炭、猪粪堆肥和生物炭这5种有机物料对贵州石灰岩黄壤区某砷(As)和镉(Cd)复合污染稻田土壤As/Cd有效性、水稻根表铁膜及As/Cd吸收转运的影响.结果 表明,施用有机物料显著提高了有机质和水稻生物量;除油菜秸秆对土壤pH值影响不明显外,施用有机物料显著提高土壤pH值,使土壤有...  相似文献   
55.
餐厨垃圾生态循环综合处置方案初探   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
盛金良  杨志强  朱强 《上海环境科学》2009,28(6):242-245,249
介绍了餐厨垃圾的特点及危害,以及我国餐厨垃圾处理的现状;分析比较了目前国内外餐厨垃圾几种常见处置方法.根据我国餐厨垃圾产生量大、含水率高、油脂和盐分含量高以及成分复杂等特点,提出了分类收集运输、源头预处理以及餐厨垃圾与其它添加物混合堆肥的生态循环综合处置方案,以期为餐厨垃圾处理提供借鉴.  相似文献   
56.
This paper discusses the extent to which charity-led initiatives can contribute to capacity building for food justice in England. The paper draws on evaluations of two projects run by the charity Garden Organic: the Master Gardener Programme, operating a network of volunteers who mentor households, schools and community groups to support local food growing, and the Sowing New Seeds programme, which engages “Seed Stewards” to work with communities to encourage the growing and cooking of “exotic” crops. Based on qualitative data about peoples’ motivations for participation and the benefits that are experienced, we interpret these projects as examples of capacity building for food justice. We suggest that whilst currently depoliticised, the “quiet” process of reskilling and awareness raising that occurs through shared gardening projects could have transformative potential for people’s relationship with food. Finally, we use our findings to raise critical questions and propose future research about food justice concepts and practices.  相似文献   
57.
浙江省城市汽车站地表灰尘中重金属含量及其来源研究   总被引:7,自引:3,他引:7  
章明奎 《环境科学学报》2010,30(11):2294-2304
为了解不同区域城市汽车站地表灰尘重金属的积累、有效性及其可能来源,在浙江省范围内选择了73个城市汽车站,采样并分析了地表灰尘颗粒组成及Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Ni、Hg、As、Se、Al、Fe、Mn和Co等元素的含量,用连续提取程序研究了地表灰尘中主要污染元素的化学形态.同时,应用相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析等方法探讨了城市汽车站地表灰尘中重金属的可能来源及各城市汽车站地表灰尘组成的差异.颗粒组成分析结果表明,浙江省城市汽车站地表灰尘以粗颗粒组成为主,地表灰尘主要来源于车站附近的土壤、建筑、垃圾等,大气沉降对地表灰尘的贡献相对较小.与浙江省土壤背景值相比,Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Ni、Hg、As和Se等元素均有不同程度的污染,其平均含量分别为287.1、424.0、172.8、1.21、122.3、54.4、0.71、16.00和2.07mg·kg-1.因子分析将13个元素变量压缩为3个因子,可解释浙江省城市汽车站地表灰尘元素的来源:Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr和Ni主要与交通活动、工业污染等有关;Al、Fe、Mn和Co与当地成土母质等地质背景有关;Hg、As和Se等元素受交通污染、居民生活污染和工业污染等多重影响.根据地表灰尘元素组成的差异,可把城市汽车站分为5类.重金属元素化学形态研究表明,城市汽车站地表灰尘中不同元素的化学形态有较大的差异,有效性较高的元素为Zn、Mn和Cd,其次为Cu、Ni和Hg,而Pb、Cr和Fe的活性相对较低.  相似文献   
58.
Information on carry-over of contaminants from feed to animal food products is essential for appropriate human risk assessment of feed contaminants. The carry-over of potentially hazardous persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from feed to fillet was assessed in consumption sized Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Relative carry-over (defined as the fraction of a certain dietary POP retained in the fillet) was assessed in a controlled feeding trial, which provided fillet retention of dietary organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), dioxins (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Highest retention was found for OCPs, BFRs and PCBs (31-58%), and the lowest retentions were observed for PCDD/Fs congeners (10-34%). National monitoring data on commercial fish feed and farmed Atlantic salmon on the Norwegian market were used to provide commercially relevant feed-to-fillet transfer factors (calculated as fillet POP level divided by feed POP level), which ranged from 0.4 to 0.5, which is a factor 5-10 times higher than reported for terrestrial meat products. For the OCP with one of the highest relative carry-over, toxaphene, uptake and elimination kinetics were established. Model simulations that are based on the uptake and elimination kinetics gave predicted levels that were in agreement with the measured values. Application of the model to the current EU upper limit for toxaphene in feed (50 μg kg−1) gave maximum fillet levels of 22 μg kg−1, which exceeds the estimated permissible level (21 μg kg−1) for toxaphene in fish food samples in Norway.  相似文献   
59.
Assmuth T 《Ambio》2011,40(2):158-169
Policy and research issues in the framing and qualities of uncertainties in risks are analyzed, based on the assessments of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) and other ingredients in Baltic Sea fish, a high-profile case of governance. Risks are framed broadly, to then focus on dioxins and beneficial fatty acids, fish consumption, human health, and science-management links. Hierarchies of uncertainty (data, model, decision rule, and epistemic) and ambiguity (of values) are used to identify issues of scientific and policy contestation and opportunities for resolving them. The associated complexity of risks is illustrated by risk–benefit analyses of fish consumption and by evaluations of guideline values, highlighting value contents and policy factors in presumably scientific decision criteria, and arguments used in multi-dimensional risk and benefit comparisons. These comparisons pose challenges to narrow assessments centered, for e.g., on toxicants or on food benefits, and to more many-sided and balanced risk communication and management. It is shown that structured and contextualized treatment of uncertainties and ambiguities in a reflexive approach can inform balances between wide and narrow focus, detail and generality, and evidence and precaution.  相似文献   
60.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of organic compounds with two or more fused aromatic rings. They have a relatively low solubility in water, but are highly lipophilic. Most of the PAHs with low vapour pressure in the air are adsorbed on particles. When dissolved in water or adsorbed on particulate matter, PAHs can undergo photodecomposition when exposed to ultraviolet light from solar radiation. In the atmosphere, PAHs can react with pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide, yielding diones, nitro- and dinitro-PAHs, and sulfonic acids, respectively. PAHs may also be degraded by some microorganisms in the soil. PAHs are widespread environmental contaminants resulting from incomplete combustion of organic materials. The occurrence is largely a result of anthropogenic emissions such as fossil fuel-burning, motor vehicle, waste incinerator, oil refining, coke and asphalt production, and aluminum production, etc. PAHs have received increased attention in recent years in air pollution studies because some of these compounds are highly carcinogenic or mutagenic. Eight PAHs (Car-PAHs) typically considered as possible carcinogens are: benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene. In particular, benzo(a)pyrene has been identified as being highly carcinogenic. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated 16 unsubstituted PAHs (EPA-PAH) as priority pollutants. Thus, exposure assessments of PAHs in the developing world are important. The scope of this review will be to give an overview of PAH concentrations in various environmental samples and to discuss the advantages and limitations of applying these parameters in the assessment of environmental risks in ecosystems and human health. As it well known, there is an increasing trend to use the behavior of pollutants (i.e. bioaccumulation) as well as pollution-induced biological and biochemical effects on human organisms to evaluate or predict the impact of chemicals on ecosystems. Emphasis in this review will, therefore, be placed on the use of bioaccumulation and biomarker responses in air, soil, water and food, as monitoring tools for the assessment of the risks and hazards of PAH concentrations for the ecosystem, as well as on its limitations.  相似文献   
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