污泥与稻秆共热解对生物炭中碳氮固定的协同作用

为了研究共热解对生物炭中碳氮固定的协同效应,利用管式固定炉开展了不同热解温度(300~700℃)下的污泥与稻秆单独热解及其共热解(泥秆质量分别为1∶3、1∶1、3∶1)试验研究.结果发现,污泥和稻秆共热解并不是两种物料单独热解贡献的简单叠加.共热解对生物炭产率无协同效应,但对固定碳产率的协同性受共热解条件影响较大.在相同热解温度下,1∶3和3∶1泥秆比共热解生物炭中的碳和氮含量协同量化值均明显大于1∶1泥秆比下的协同量化值,碳和氮元素含量协同量化值分别在热解温度和泥秆比为(400℃、1∶3)与(400℃、3∶1)时达到最大值12.43%与40.65%.碳和氮固定率协同量化值随热解温度的升高而增加,最大分别为53.77%~56.13%和38.30%~39.12%,说明共热解可显著提高生物炭中碳和氮元素的固定水平.除3∶1泥秆比共热解生物炭中H/C原子比大于理论值,对降低生物炭的芳香度与饱和度具协同作用外,其他共热解条件下的H/C、(O+N)/C、O/C原子比均小于理论值,对提高生物炭的稳定性具明显的协同促进作用.污泥与稻秆在泥秆比1∶3、1∶1与3∶1下共热解,提高协同效应的方式分别为促进脱氧去氢反应、去氢反应与脱氧反应.该研究结果可为生物炭在碳氮封存减排中的应用提供新的工艺途径.     

水稻品种及典型土壤改良措施对稻米吸收镉的影响

水稻镉污染是我国当前重要的农产品安全问题,湖南攸县"镉大米"事件造成了严重的社会影响.针对南方酸性土壤镉污染特征,进行了"镉大米"治理技术研究.结果表明,当地主栽水稻品种株两优06的稻米Cd含量在大同桥和网岭镇的平均值分别为0.167 mg·kg-1和0.127 mg·kg-1,为其它品种的20%左右;石灰和矿物肥处理能够使稻米Cd含量降低到对照的20%~30%,覆膜处理使稻米Cd含量与对照相比降低约50%,而覆膜+生物炭+硅肥叶面肥处理能够降低80%左右,硅肥叶面肥单独施用及叶面肥和追肥配合施用能够显著降低稻米中的Cd含量90%以上;BCR法分析土壤Cd形态结果发现,供试大田土壤中Cd的弱酸可提取态比例较高,绝大多数样品达到55%以上,而施用石灰能够显著降低土壤中的弱酸可提取态和可还原态比例,增加残渣态比例,变化幅度达到20%左右;土壤Cd含量与p H值是影响稻米对Cd吸收的重要因素.     

稻田气溶胶NH3和气体NOx排放在线测定研究

气溶胶NH3和气体NOx是大气颗粒物和降水的主要成分,是形成气溶胶的关键物种.田间集约化氮肥施用是气溶胶NH3和气体NOx的一个重要来源,目前该领域的研究鲜有报道.2010年5月～2010年10月,在线监测了稻田施用尿素后气溶胶NH3和气体NOx的排放情况.监测系统的时间分辨率设置为1 h.在4次稻田施肥试验中,施肥后对气溶胶NH3排放和相应的气象因子连续采样20 d.在第4次施肥试验中,施肥后连续采样47 d,进而研究气体NOx的排放规律及其与气象因子的关系.结果表明,气溶胶NH3的排放因子分别为2.6%、5.5%、4.0%和1.6%,相应的排放通量分别为3.97、2.08、1.52和1.22 kg·hm-2.温度(空气温度和土壤温度)是影响稻田施肥气溶胶NH3排放的主要因子,而空气湿度和土壤水分对其排放的影响却不明确.通过分析监测数据可知,稻田施肥后NO2-N排放量与NO-N排放量的比值为9/4,气体NOx的排放因子和排放通量分别为0.14%和0.30 kg·hm-2.气象因子与气体NOx排放通量的关系也进行了初步探讨.     

Biogeochemical reductive release of soil embedded arsenate around a crater area (Guandu) in northern Taiwan using X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy

This study investigates biogeochemical reductive release of arsenate from beudantite into solution in a crater area in northern Taiwan,using a combination of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and atomic absorption spectrometry.Total arsenic (As) concentrations in the soil were more than 200 mg/kg.Over four months of laboratory experiments,less than 0.8% As was released into solution after reduction experiments.The 71% to 83% As was chemically reduced into arsenite (As(III)) and partially weathering into the soluble phase.The kinetic dissolution and re-precipitation of As,Fe,Pb and sulfate in this area of paddy soils merits further study.     

Performance study and kinetic modeling of hybrid bioreactor for treatment of bi-substrate mixture of phenol-m-cresol in wastewater: Process optimization with response surface methodology

Performance of a hybrid reactor comprising of trickling filter(TF) and aeration tank(AT) unit was studied for biological treatment of wastewater containing mixture of phenol and m-cresol,using mixed microbial culture.The reactor was operated with hydraulic loading rates(HLR) and phenolics loading rates(PLR) between 0.222-1.078m3/(m2·day) and 0.900-3.456kg/(m3·day),respectively.The efficiency of substrate removal varied between 71%-100% for the range of HLR and PLR studied.The fixed film unit showed better substrate removal efficiency than the aeration tank and was more resistant to substrate inhibition.The kinetic parameters related to both units of the reactor were evaluated and their variation with HLR and PLR were monitored.It revealed the presence of substrate inhibition at high PLR both in TF and AT unit.The biofilm model established the substrate concentration profile within the film by solving differential equation of substrate mass transfer using boundary problem solver tool ’bvp4c’ of MATLAB 7.1 software.Response surface methodology was used to design and optimize the biodegradation process using Design Expert 8 software,where phenol and m-cresol concentrations,residence time were chosen as input variables and percentage of removal was the response.The design of experiment showed that a quadratic model could be fitted best for the present experimental study.Significant interaction of the residence time with the substrate concentrations was observed.The optimized condition for operating the reactor as predicted by the model was 230mg/L of phenol,190mg/L of m-cresol with residence time of 24.82 hr to achieve 99.92% substrate removal.     

Biosorption of clofibric acid and carbamazepine in aqueous solution by agricultural waste rice straw

Due to their widespread use, clofibric acid （CA） and carbamazepine （CBZ） have been frequently detected simultaneously at relatively high concentrations in aquatic environments. In this study, agricultural waste rice straw was employed as a potentially low-cost, effective and easy-to-operate biosorbent （RSB） to remove CA and CBZ. The adsorption of both pharmaceuticals followed pseudo second-order kinetics, and intraparticle diffusion was an important rate-limiting step. The adsorption isotherms of both drugs were fit well with Freundlich model. The adsorption of CA onto RSB was exothermic and was more likely to be dominated by physical processes, while the adsorption of CBZ was endothermic. Solution pH was determined to be the most important factor for CA adsorption, such that the adsorption capacity of CA onto RSB increased with the decline of solution pH. In the lower range of solution pH below 3. l, the CA removal efficiency was enhanced with the increase of biosorbent dosage. The CBZ removal efficiency was enhanced with the increase of RSB dosage without pH control. The maximum adsorption capacities were 126.3 mg/g for CA and 40.0 mg/g for CBZ.     

生物质炭对双季稻田土壤反硝化功能微生物的影响

目前,基于田间条件下生物质炭添加对稻田反硝化微生物的调控效应还不甚明确.为此,本研究采用小区试验,通过在双季稻田添加不同量的小麦秸秆生物质炭(0、24和48 t·hm-2,分别用CK、LC和HC代表),结合实时荧光定量PCR(q PCR)和末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)分析技术,研究了生物质炭添加对双季稻田休闲季和水稻季土壤反硝化微生物相关功能基因(调控硝酸还原酶的nar G基因,亚硝酸还原酶的nir K基因和氧化亚氮还原酶的nos Z基因)的影响.由于生物质炭呈碱性,添加到土壤后,可提高稻田休闲季土壤p H 0. 2～0. 8个单位.生物质炭本身含有部分可溶性N,因此,添加生物质炭可增加休闲季土壤铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)含量,增幅分别达21. 1%～32. 5%和63. 0%～176. 0%,但由于其吸附作用,降低了水稻季NH_4~+-N含量48. 8%～60. 1%.生物质炭添加增加了休闲季微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量,这可能是由于生物质炭较大的比表面积为微生物生存提供了适宜的环境,可利用养分的增加促进了微生物的生长.与对照相比,休闲季生物质炭引起的NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量增加,促进NH_4~+-N向NO_3~--N的转化,进而增加nar G和nos Z的基因丰度(P0. 05),同时,生物质炭处理p H的提高促进了nos Z的基因丰度的增加,显著改变了反硝化功能基因nar G和nos Z的群落结构,并以此对反硝化作用产生影响,但未对休闲季氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放产生影响.而在水稻季,生物质炭增加了土壤nos Z的基因丰度(P 0. 05),HC处理增加了nir K基因丰度(P 0. 05),这也是导致水稻季HC处理N_2O排放增加的重要原因.生物质炭通过降低水稻季土壤NH_4~+-N含量,改变了nir K和nos Z基因的群落结构,而nar G基因群落结构的变化影响了土壤N_2O排放.综上所述,生物质炭可通过改变双季稻田土壤性质,来影响参与土壤反硝化作用的相关微生物,进而影响土壤N_2O排放及NO_3~--N的淋失.     

基于中国电网结构及一线典型城市车辆出行特征的PHEV二氧化碳排放分析

中国电网火电比例的空间差异与插电式混合动力汽车（PHEV）驱动能源的二元性增加了研究PHEV二氧化碳排放的复杂性.使用上海市50辆PHEV汽车13万km的数据,研究了基于PHEV实际运行数据的二氧化碳排放评估方法,分析了PHEV纯电驱动里程比例及其影响因素,获得了纯电续驶里程、充电频率、电网构成对PHEV二氧化碳排放强度的影响,展望了2020年PHEV技术水平的二氧化碳减排效果.结果表明,我国一线城市PHEV乘用车出行主要集中在50 km以内的范围,占日常出行频次的70%;在2016年全国平均电网结构下,续驶里程超过50 km的PHEV比传统燃油车少排放15%以上的二氧化碳;在高比例可再生能源电网结构的地区,PHEV碳排放可降至100.0 g·km^-1以下,相比平均电网结构下碳排放水平降低幅度在28%以上;在2016年平均电网结构及技术水平下,纯电续驶里程增加（50~100 km）、充电频率增加（0.5~2次·d^-1）对碳排放的改善幅度不明显;与2016年相比,2020年PHEV燃油经济性和电耗水平的改善可降低32%的碳排放.     

氢氧化镧改性介孔稻壳生物炭除磷性能

通过共沉淀法将氢氧化镧固定在高介孔率的稻壳生物炭上,重点研究了生物炭孔结构、溶液pH和共存物质对氢氧化镧改性介孔稻壳生物炭吸附磷酸盐的影响.结果表明,镧负载量与生物炭介孔率呈正相关,生物炭介孔率越高,对磷酸盐的吸附速率越快,镧浸出量越低.吸附过程符合伪二级动力学模型,且受颗粒内扩散控制.Langmuir模型能够较好地描述氢氧化镧改性介孔稻壳生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附过程,理论最大吸附量分别为41.22、43.26和45.62 mg·g^-1,镧利用率较高,P/La量比均大于1.5.此外,氢氧化镧改性介孔稻壳生物炭能在pH 3~9的范围内有效吸附磷酸盐.共存物质影响实验表明,氢氧化镧改性介孔稻壳生物炭对磷酸盐表现出良好的选择吸附性,共存Ca²⁺会强化其对磷酸盐的吸附,而共存Mg²⁺则会抑制吸附过程.     

湘中典型稻田系统Cd平衡分析

运用大田定位试验的方法,研究了典型稻田系统Cd污染发展趋势.于2015-11～2018-11逐月采集大气沉降及灌溉水样,同时多次采集肥料、土壤及水稻样,监测分析样品中Cd含量,研究湘中典型稻田系统Cd输入输出平衡情况.结果表明,稻田系统Cd通过灌溉水、大气沉降和肥料等途径输入,年均输入量为8. 735 g·(hm2·a)-1,其中大气沉降为主要来源,占总输入的69. 15%～82. 04%,平均为76. 61%,其次是灌溉水占12. 62%～23. 66%,平均为16. 94%,肥料占5. 34%～7. 19%,平均为6. 45%;稻田系统Cd通过地表径流、土壤下渗和水稻地上部分收获途径输出,年均输出量为7. 093g·(hm2·a)-1,水稻地上部分收获占总输出的85. 27%～95. 02%,平均为89. 69%,其次是地表径流4. 57%～13. 96%,平均为9. 41%,土壤下渗输出的Cd最少,为0. 41%～1. 51%,平均0. 90%.结果表明,研究区稻田系统Cd为净输入,土壤Cd污染形势仍在加剧.稻草还田与稻草移除将对土壤Cd平衡产生重要影响,稻草移除可以减缓土壤Cd污染发展趋势.