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91.
Time discounting and the decision to protect areas that are near and threatened or remote and cheap to acquire 下载免费PDF全文
Paul R. Armsworth 《Conservation biology》2018,32(5):1063-1073
Should conservation organizations focus on protecting habitats that are at imminent risk of being converted but are expensive or more remote areas that are less immediately threatened but where a large amount of land can be set aside? Variants of this trade‐off commonly arise in spatial planning. I used models of land‐use change near a deforestation frontier to examine this trade‐off. The optimal choice of where to protect was determined by how decisions taken today accounted for ecological benefits and economic costs of conservation actions that would occur sometime in the future. I used an ecological and economic discount rate to weight these benefits and costs. A large economic discount rate favored protecting more remote areas, whereas a large, positive ecological discount rate favored protecting habitat near the current deforestation frontier. The decision over where to protect was also affected by the influence economic factors had on landowners' decisions, the rate of technological change, and ecological heterogeneity of the landscape. How benefits and costs through time are accounted for warrants careful consideration when specifying conservation objectives. It may provide a niche axis along which conservation organizations differentiate themselves when competing for donor funding or other support. 相似文献
92.
E. Gerasopoulos P. Zanis A. Stohl C. S. Zerefos C. Papastefanou W. Ringer L. Tobler S. Hübener H. W. Gggeler H. J. Kanter L. Tositti S. Sandrini 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2001,35(36):294
The 7Be activity concentrations measured from 1996 to 1998 at four high-altitude stations, Jungfraujoch—Switzerland, Zugspitze—Germany, Sonnblick—Austria and Mt. Cimone—Italy, were analyzed in combination with a set of, meteorological and atmospheric parameters such as the tropopause height, relative and specific humidity and also in conjunction with 3D back-trajectories in order to investigate the climatological features of 7Be. A frequency distribution analysis on 7Be activity concentrations revealed the existence of two concentration classes around 1.5 and 6 mBq m−3 and a transition class between the two modes of the distribution at 3–4 mBq m−3. Cross-correlation analysis performed between 7Be and a number of meteorological and atmospheric parameters at the first three stations showed a strong negative correlation with relative humidity (−0.56, −0.51, −0.41) indicating the importance of wet scavenging as a controlling mechanism. Also, the positive correlation with the height of 3-days back-trajectories and tropopause height (+0.49/+0.43, +0.59/+0.36, +0.44/+0.38) shows that downward transport from the upper or middle to lower troposphere within anticyclonic conditions plays also an important role. Trajectory statistics showed that low 7Be concentrations typically originate from lower-altitude subtropical ocean areas, while high concentrations arrive from the north and high altitudes, as is characteristic for stratospheric intrusions. Although the 7Be activity concentrations are highly episodic, the monthly means indicate an annual cycle with a late-summer maximum at all stations. The correlation coefficients calculated for monthly means of the 7Be and atmospheric data suggest that the main predictor controlling the seasonality of the 7Be concentrations is tropopause height (+0.76, +0.56, +0.60), reflecting more vertical transport from upper tropospheric levels into the lower troposphere during the warm season than during the cold season. 相似文献
93.
含砷废水处理工程实践 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
介绍了一种中小型含砷废水治理的成功工程实例 ,并介绍了石灰沉降、FeSO4 除As的有关技术参数及独特的曝气系统设计。该设计弥补了以往设计中曝气系统氧利用率不高、曝气头易结垢堵塞及曝气头损坏后维修不方便等缺限。 相似文献
94.
7Be是研究大气科学与地球化学的核元素之一,对研究短期过程的地表土壤颗粒迁移具有较大价值。为了解南京地区利用7Be进行土壤侵蚀示踪研究的合适时机,于2010年1月~2011年12月收集南京地区各月的7Be沉降样品,经实验室化学实验处理和γ谱仪测量,计算7Be沉降通量,并分析7Be大气沉降的季节性变化趋势。结果表明:南京地区平均7Be沉降量为1 62178 Bq/(m2·a),沉降通量为066~1449 Bq/(m2·d),平均沉降通量为444 Bq/(m2·d);7Be沉降通量的季节变化呈现双峰型趋势,冬末春初和夏季是两个高值区;7Be沉降的а值冬春季较大,夏季最低;降雨量大小与沉降量存在明显的正相关 相似文献
95.
96.
以Bi(NO3)3·5H2O、KI和g-C3N4为前驱体,采用常温沉淀法制备Bi5O7I/g-C3N4Z型异质结复合光催化剂,表征其光吸收性能、微观形貌、光生电子-空穴的分离效率等特性,研究新型光催化剂对RhB的可见光催化降解性能,探讨其可见光催化过程活性基团种类以及作用机理.结果表明:利用沉淀法合成Bi5O7I/g-C3N4的条件为:Bi(NO3)3·5H2O、KI和g-C3N4的投加量分别为4.85g、1.66g和1.61g,乙二醇的用量为50mL,反应液的pH值为12,反应搅拌速度为200r/min,反应温度为25℃.Bi5O7I/g-C3N4异质结无杂相生成且纯度高,异质结复合发生在g-C3N4的(002)晶面和Bi5O7I的(203)晶面,但g-C3N4和Bi5O7I的化学结构未受影响.Bi5O7I/g-C3N4呈三维纳米花瓣形貌结构,为光生电子-空穴的迁移提供了大量的接触位点.Bi5O7I的g-C3N4掺杂改性使其光催化活性显著增强,其光吸收边缘由425nm红移至462nm,Bi5O7I/g-C3N4的能带排列结构与Z型异质结匹配,促进了光生电子-空穴的分离.其光电流密度(11.5mA/cm)约为g-C3N4和Bi5O7I对应值的2.66倍和1.47倍.Bi5O7I/g-C3N4对罗丹明B的可见光催化降解率为93.9%,显著高于g-C3N4(58%)和Bi5O7I(49.7%)的降解效果,其光催化氧化活性主要来自羟基基团、超氧基团和光生空穴等中间态自由基. 相似文献
97.
通过在镀液中添加表面活性剂AEO-7,以不锈钢为基体,利用阳极氧化法制备了改性PbO2电极.同时,在结晶紫模拟废水中对比了改性前后PbO2电极的阳极极化曲线和塔菲尔曲线,并对质量浓度为10 mg·L-1的结晶紫模拟废水进行了电催化降解实验.实验结果表明,制备的改性PbO2电极对结晶紫废水的降解显示出了较好的电催化活性,最佳电解实验条件为:电解电流密度30 mA·cm-2,支持电解质Na2SO4浓度5g·L-1,处理温度35℃,在此条件下电解40 min后,结晶紫的去除率可达到90%以上. 相似文献
98.
The terms of trade debate initiated by Raul Prebisch and Hans Singer over 60 years ago continues to this day and is unlikely to be resolved soon. However, even if Prebisch and Singer are right and the terms of trade of countries exporting primary products are falling, to suggest that these countries should diversify away from the production of mineral commodities and other primary products, as many have done, may be poor policy advice, encouraging countries to abandon a promising source of wealth with which to foster economic development. 相似文献
99.
C. Le Caignec N. Winer M. Boceno C. Delnatte G. Podevin J. M. Liet M. P. Quere M. Joubert J. M. Rival 《黑龙江环境通报》2003,23(12):981-984
We report the prenatal diagnosis of a fetus with sacrococcygeal teratoma and facial dysmorphism attributed to a constitutional terminal deletion of chromosome 7q and partial trisomy of chromosome 2p likely resulting from a de novo balanced translocation. The cytogenetic abnormality was diagnosed prenatally after sonographic detection of teratoma and confirmed on peripheral blood cells at birth. The newborn died of post-operative complications at seven days of age. FISH analysis demonstrated haploinsufficiency of HLXB9, a gene identified in the triad of a presacral mass (teratoma or anterior meningocele), sacral agenesis, and anorectal malformation, which constitutes the Currarino syndrome. Despite the absence of other features of the triad, the teratoma observed in the fetus we describe might represent a partial form of Currarino syndrome. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
100.