我国医疗废物领域履行POPs公约对策研究

文章根据POPs公约对医疗废物管理和处置的总体要求,结合我国目前医疗废物管理和技术应用现状,结合我国医疗废物处置设施污染物排放、工程建设及运行管理状况,从医疗废物处理技术的具体应用实际需要出发对如何推进采用BAT/BEP,推进中国该领域履约进程进行了探讨,并提出了我国医疗废物领域履行POPs公约的管理和技术对策。     

POPs污染场地土壤健康风险评价

文章以常州市某化工厂为例,介绍了POPs污染场地的健康风险评价,分别对两种土地利用类型假设下土壤的3条暴露途径进行估算,重点考虑了儿童对污染土壤的敏感性,用年龄修正因子计算居民的致癌风险。结果表明两种假设下氯丹和灭蚁灵的致癌风险都超过了可接受的风险水平,在部分高暴露点甚至超过了目标风险值的100倍,需要对场地进行修复。各暴露途径对健康风险的贡献按从大到小排列依次为:直接摄入土壤﹥皮肤接触﹥呼吸摄入。文章还根据健康风险评价的公式反推出适合本污染场地的土壤初级修复目标分别为:氯丹5.2mg/kg、灭蚁灵7.4×10-1mg/kg(工业用地);氯丹1.6mg/kg、灭蚁灵2.7×10-1mg/kg(居住用地)。     

冰雪中持久性有机污染物（POPs）的研究现状

冰雪是地球生态系统中重要的环境组分，它们不仅直接影响着全球的水循环，而且也直接影响着一些物质在不同纬度和海拔上的分布。随着气候的变化，在中低纬度使用和排放的POPs能够挥发到大气中，并伴随着大气的运动向高纬度高海拔地区迁移，这对生态环境造成了极大的威胁。本文主要介绍了持久性有机污染物的危害、历史排放数据，并详细阐述了国内外研究人员对冰雪中POPs的研究现状。     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in food and associated human daily intake assessment considering bioaccessibility measured by simulated gastrointestinal digestion

The concentrations of PBDEs in 299 vegetable and animal-based food samples of 31 species, collected in Shanghai, China, and the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in part of the samples were determined. The PBDE concentrations ranged from 0 to 1245.4 pg g⁻¹ with animal-based food containing more PBDEs than vegetables. The bioaccessibility of PBDEs, determined by a method simulating human gastrointestinal digestion process, were from 2.6% to 39.9% in vegetables, and from 5.2% to 105.3% in animal-based food. For animal-based food, good correlations were observed between the bioaccessibility of PBDEs and the fat content, thus the fat content in animal-based food was able to be used to estimate the bioaccessibility of PBDEs. The total daily intake of PBDEs via ingestion of vegetables and animal-based food for an average Shanghai resident was estimated as 13 235.7 and 13 668.0 pg d⁻¹, respectively, but the amounts available for human absorption were reduced to 2674.4 and 4316.6 pg d⁻¹ after the PBDE bioaccessibility was considered. Finally, the contributions of different food groups to the total daily intake of PBDEs were evaluated. The results revealed that, when not considering the bioaccessibility of PBDEs, vegetables were the leading contributor (49.2%), followed by fish (34.0%). However, the sequence was reversed after the PBDE bioaccessibility was taken into account. The results indicated that human exposure to PBDEs via food ingestion might have been significantly overestimated and the exposure assessment could be misleading if the bioaccessibility of PBDEs was not considered.     

基于LCA的POPs控制技术系统评估方法研究

POPs控制的技术举措是各行业削减POPs排放的重要手段。为了在众多POPs控制技术中筛选出更可靠、更经济可行的技术,将POPs控制技术分为替代技术、入料控制技术、过程控制技术及末端处置技术四个大类,并结合综合指标法和生命周期法建立了POPs控制技术系统评估框架。同时,以山西某焦化厂出焦除尘布袋技术作为案例进行定量评估,系统地给出了布袋除尘器在经济运行、环境保护以及技术效果三方面的指标值。评价结果显示布袋除尘技术在技术稳定性、去除POPs污染物效果等技术指标上有较好的表现,并且不会产生额外的环境影响负荷。     

Organochlorine compounds,nitro musks and perfluorinated substances in breast milk – Results from Bavarian Monitoring of Breast Milk 2007/8

The aim of the Bavarian Monitoring of Breast Milk (BAMBI) project was to examine 10 organochlorine pesticides (OPs), 3 nitro musks, 6 indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 7 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), 10 polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), 12 dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) and several perfluorinated alkyl compounds in breast milk samples. A total of 516 breast milk samples were collected from seven regions in Bavaria and were analyzed by means of GC/ECD, GC/HRMS, and LC/MS-MS.     

Elimination of persistent organic pollutants from fish oil with solid adsorbents

Fish oils are one of the main sources of ω-3 fatty acids in animal and human diet. However, they can contain high concentrations of persistent organic pollutants due to their lipophilic properties. The aim of this study is the reduction of persistent organic pollutants in fish oil using silicon-based and carbon-based solid adsorbents. A wide screening study with different commercially available adsorbents was carried out, in order to determine their capacity of pollutant removal from fish oil. Moreover, adsorption conditions were evaluated and optimized with using an experimental design and adjustment of the experimental results to response surfaces, obtaining removals rates of more than 99% of PCDD/Fs, 81% of dioxin-like PCBs, 70% of HCB, 41% of DDTs, 16% of marker PCBs and 10% of PBDEs. Finally, fish oil fatty acids were analyzed before and after the treatment with solid adsorbents, confirming that it did not affect its nutritive properties.     

Emerging contaminant control: From science to action

Since the concept of emerging contaminants (ECs) was first proposed in 2001, the global scientific research of ECs has developed rapidly. In the past decades, great progress has been achieved in the scientific research of ECs in China, including the establishment of EC analysis method system, the evaluation of the pollution status, pollution characteristics and environmental risk of ECs in typical regions of China, and establishment of EC control technology system. Continuous progress in scientific research of ECs promoted China’s action on EC control. It is planned that the environmental risk of ECs will be generally controlled by 2035 in China. Priority ECs should be screened for environmental management. Although great efforts have been made, the EC control in China still faces tremendous challenges. It is necessary to bridge the gap between scientific research and decision-making management. Based on the science and technology study, various measures such as engineering, policy management and public participation should be combinedly adopted for EC control.     

POPs监测技术在环境样品中应用

利用超声提取、固相萃取(SPE)净化和GC-MS技术对某市四个区的的果蔬基地7个土壤样品进行了土壤中持久性有机氯污染物分析.结果显示,土壤样品中主要有机污染物为γ-HCH、异狄氏剂和α-HCH,其中γ-HCH的检出率为100%,不同样品中γ-HCH和异狄氏剂差异明显,异狄氏剂和α-HCH检出率分别为86%和71.4%.     

鄱阳湖持久性有机污染物（POPs）长距离传输潜力模拟

利用TaPL3模型模拟研究了鄱阳湖5种典型持久性有机污染物(POPs)的长距离迁移潜力(LRTP)和总持久性(Pov),比较了不同污染物特征迁移距离(CTD)和Pov的大小,并以p,p’-DDT为例对关键参数进行了灵敏度分析.结果表明,p,p’-DDT、γ-HCH、HCB、PCP和2,3,7,8-TCDD排放到大气中,特征迁移距离(CTDAir)在432 km(2,3,7,8-TCDD)~86479 km(HCB)之间,总持久性(PovAir)在85.6 d(PCP)~2231 d(HCB)之间,土壤相是POPs的主要归宿,约占72.0%;排放到水体中,特征迁移距离(CTDWater)在4207 km(PCP)~1.19×105km(γ-HCH)之间,总持久性(PovWater)在103 d(PCP)~2890 d(HCB)之间,沉积物相是POPs的主要归宿,约占52.5%.环境介质中的半衰期和辛醇-水分配系数的对数是影响污染物CTD和Pov的主要理化性质参数.与同类研究相比,相关POPs在鄱阳湖的CTDAir处于中间水平,但CTDWater偏高,这与鄱阳湖的水体深度和水体流速这两个对CTDWater影响显著的参数较其它研究区域高有关.研究结果可为该地区POPs的环境过程及环境风险的研究提供科学依据.