Spectroscopic behavior of oxygenated combustion by-products

The oxygenated species, massively produced in the energy production plants based on combustion processes, constitute one of the most numerous categories of hazardous air pollutants. Therefore, development of real time diagnostic tools are needed in order to study their formation during combustion processes and to reveal their presence both in the exhaust and in the atmosphere. In this work, oxygenated compounds were identified inside fuel-rich premixed ethylene/air flames by means of ultraviolet fluorescence spectroscopy with the support of qualitative chemical analysis of the sampled combustion gases.

Strong band progression, typical of aldehydic functionality, were recognized in fluorescence spectra (λ_exc=355 nm) measured in the early oxidation region of premixed flames varying the equivalence ratio from 3.0 up 21.6. Downstream of the oxidation region, spectroscopic signatures of pyrolytic species were found to prevail on those peculiar of oxygenated compound. The position and the extension of the two main flame zones were found to depend on the flame conditions (C/O ratio) due to the effect of the C/O ratio on the temperature history along the flame axis. This correlation was interpreted on the basis of the measured axial temperature profiles.     

入海污染物总量分配技术研究初探

实践表明,要实现海域环境保护的管理目标,必须对入海污染物排放总量进行控制。本文通过分析总量分配的关键技术与核心问题,针对等比例分配方法、费用最小分配方法、按贡献率削减排放量分配方法以及数学规划分配方法进行了初步探讨,并研究了总量分配技术中的公平性问题,为入海污染物的总量分配提供科学参考。     

降雨-径流与非点源污染物浓度及流失量关系分析——以铁岭市柴河水库上游流域为例

以铁岭市柴河水库上游集水区域为研究对象,利用铁岭市柴河堡水文站降雨时节实测的暴雨径流数据、泥沙数据、污染物浓度数据进行分析,侧重研究降雨时节暴雨径流量与主要污染物浓度及污染物瞬时流失量之间的关系,以期为柴河流域农业非点源污染控制提供参考。研究结果表明:暴雨期内,非点源污染物浓度及瞬时流失量与径流峰值几乎同步出现,它们之间存在着非常密切的关系。     

松花江鱼类肌肉中污染物的分析监测

分析研究了松花江吉林市至三岔河口江段鱼类肌肉中43种污染物,结果表明:该江段鱼类已受到总汞、甲基汞、铜、锌、镉和铬的轻度污染,尚未受到铅、锰、铁、砷的污染。扶余至三岔河口江段的鱼类食之有异味,肌内中烷烃、芳烃、硝基芳烃、硝基氯苯和挥发酚5类28种有机污染物的总平均含量和其中的3种促癌或助癌物、6种可疑致癌物以及化工污染的特征性有机污染物──硝基芳烃类的平均含量均比其它江段高。      

吸附丝/顶空气相色谱法监测水中挥发性污染物

提出一种快速监测各种污水中挥发组分的新方法———吸附丝/顶空气相色谱法,并用该方法高灵敏地监测了工厂废水、炼油厂气浮池水、中东河水和西湖水中的痕量挥发物,研究了污水中的挥发物对大气环境的污染情况。      

碳纳米管催化电极处理难降解有机物研究进展

难降解有机物严重污染环境和威胁人类身体健康,因此难降解有机物的治理技术研究是目前水污染防治研究的热点与难点。碳纳米管(CNTs)由于具有独特的一维结构、良好的化学稳定性、优异的电荷传导性能以及独特的电学性能,近些年被广泛应用做电极材料。介绍了碳纳米管的电化学特性,对碳纳米管催化电极的制备、催化反应机理及其在有机污染物处理过程中的应用进行了概述,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

Towards the development of a multidisciplinary understanding of the effects of toxic chemical mixtures on health

Mixtures can be divided into simple (chemicals with comparable properties—health risk assessments on the chemicals) and complex, which can be further subdivided into defined (a reasonably distinct composition, created at a specific time and place despite dissimilar components—risk assessments on the common source) and coincidental (chemicals without similar properties or constant composition in time or space—risk assessments on the receptor). Interactions recognized are: independent action, dose addition (additivity), and potentiation (synergy and antagonism). Unpredicted outcomes need recognition. New approaches in higher education and multidisciplinary investigations are essential. The community of the Society for Environmental Geochemistry and Health should help clarify points such as when transformations in mixtures may become important enough to alter the classification and the risk assessment. The multidisciplinary community is also well placed to support the integration of nonchemical influences into mixture analysis and to contribute to the investigation of cumulative and multiple exposures.     

环境污染系统的灰色投入产出模型

将投入产出模型与灰色理论结合起来，建立了以灰色预测为基础的环境污染系统灰色投入产出模型，探索了如何从污染物总量控制目标出发来规划和发展生产。     

Das neue Chemikalienprogramm von UNEP Chemicals

Zusammenfassung  UNEP International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC) wurde von der ersten VN-Umweltkonferenz 1972 geschaffen. Sein Einfu? und Zusammenwirken in den 80ziger Jahren mit anderen internationalen Programmen der WHO, FAO, OECD und EG in der Chemikalienkontrolle wird beschrieben. Nach dem Erdgipfel von Rio 1992 werden im VN-Rahmen drei neue Gremien gebildet, die das Fachprogramm des Kapitels 19 der Agenda 21 (umweltfreundliches Chemikalienmanagement) umsetzen sollen: die United nations Commission of Sustainable Development, das Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety und das Interorganization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. Der Erdgipfel brachte auch für IRPTC eine Neuorientierung. Seit 1996 hat UNEP Chemicals, wie sich IRPTC nunmehr nennt, drei Aufgaben in sein Arbeitsprogramm aufgenommen, die beschrieben werden: das internationale übereinkommen zum Prior Informed Consent, das internationale übereinkommen zur Kontrolle der Persistent Organic Pollutants, und schlie?lich sein traditionelles Arbeitsgebiet des Informations-austausches über Stoffe wird weitergeführt.

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Die Aussagen dieses Beitrages sind die Meinung des Autors. Sie müssen nicht mit der Auffassung des Umweitbundesamtes oder von UNEP Chemicals übereinstimmen.     

环境负荷—ICI公司环境评价的新指标

介绍英国ＩＣＩ公司评价和报告环境状况的一种新指标－环境负荷，ＩＣＩ公司将排放物对大气和水源的环境影响分为；酸度，全球气候变暖，人类健康影响，臭氧层破坏，光化学臭氧层形成，水中氧消耗和水生物毒害，并确定了每种化学品对各类别环境造成影响的潜能因子；用每一种排放的重量和潜能因子相乘得出ＥＢ。根据ＥＢ值的大小，可知各种排放物对环境的潜在影响程度。