Lithium availability in the EU27 for battery-driven vehicles: The impact of recycling and substitution on the confrontation between supply and demand until2050

The adverse impacts of climate change are widely recognized as well as the importance of the mitigation of carbon dioxide (CO₂). Battery driven vehicles are expected to have a bright future, since GHG emissions can be reduced. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries appear to be the most promising, due to their high energy density. Recently, the discussion concerning adequate lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) resources is resolved. The current challenge is the needed increase in flow rate of Li₂CO₃ into society to foresee in forecasted demand. This research determines ten factors which influence the availability of Li-ion batteries for the EU27 in the coming decades. They are used in a system dynamics analysis. The results of this research show that undersupply can be expected in the EU27 until 2045 somewhere between 0.5 Mt and 2.8 Mt. Substitution of Li₂CO₃ in other end-use markets and recycling can relieve the strain on Li₂CO₃ supply to some extent. In 2050, 20% of the vehicle fleet in the EU27 can be battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The lack of resources in the EU27 and the geographical distribution of lithium in politically sensitive areas suggest that the shares of lithium available for the EU27 will be less than assumed in this research. The increase in flow rate shows to be the bottle-neck for a transition to (partly) battery driven vehicles in the EU27, at least when Li-ion batteries are used. Focusing on large-scale application of BEVs with Li-ion batteries in order to substantially mitigate CO₂ emissions in transport is a futile campaign.     

The impact of monetary liquidity on Chinese aluminum prices

By expanding Frankel and Rose's (2009) theoretical model to consider the interaction of commodity prices with both money liquidity and expectation formation, this paper empirically studies the long-run relationship and short-term dynamics between aluminum prices and money liquidity via Vector autoregressive (VAR) and Impulse Response Function methodologies. Our results show that: (1) a cointegration relationship between money liquidity and Chinese aluminum prices exists, and monetary liquidity positively significantly influences the price over long periods; (2) a structural change has been found during the 2008 Financial Crisis and the change of Chinese monetary policies; and (3) the negative impact of production capacity mechanism on aluminum prices coexists with the positive impact of financial asset returns mechanism, to allow for varied market expectations on aluminum prices within and outside China.     

Cultivating collaboration: Lessons from initiatives to understand and manage cumulative impacts in Australian resource regions

Australia has experienced rapid development within its resource regions, with traditional mining sectors like coal, iron-ore and natural gas expanding and new industries such as coal seam gas emerging. As a result, there is an increasing prevalence and awareness of the cumulative impacts of the extractive resource industries on the society, environment and economy of these regions. Collaborative governance is emerging as a means of addressing cumulative impacts. This article undertakes an analysis of 30 case studies of collaborative governance in the resources sector of Australia. The initiatives analysed range from those focussed on information exchange and coordination to higher degrees of collaboration that involve shared resources and shared risks. The study demonstrates that there are challenges in using collaborative approaches to tackle cumulative impacts, but that significant benefits can be realised. The study highlights the need to nurture and cultivate collaborative relationships in order to provide the foundation for long-term solutions.     

渭河断陷盆地及邻区Q值分布与地震灾害关系的初步研究

本文研究了渭河断陷盆地及邻近地区介质品质因子的分布特征，探讨了其与该区域速度场、地质构造和地震灾害分布之间的关系。结果表明该区域介质品质因子分布与速度场之间存在着较好的对应关系，并与该区域的地震灾害分布密切相关。     

万宁滨海与西沙群岛大气腐蚀性对比研究

统计分析了西沙群岛和万宁试验站近海场的润湿时间、空气中二氧化硫和氯离子沉积速率,根据环境因素法和标准金属法评定了两地的大气腐蚀性,两地的大气腐蚀等级同为C5级,但西沙群岛的腐蚀性稍弱于万宁试验站近海场。Q235钢、镀镍钢、镀铬钢、不锈钢钝化件在两地的试验结果证实了上述结论,试验结果表明,万宁试验站近海场积累的大量试验数据可应用于西沙群岛。     

2004年几次台风暴雨Q矢量诊断的比较分析

利用非地转ω方程说明了Q矢量散度的物理意义,并通过计算2004年对浙江省造成重大影响的几个主要台风影响过程中的Q矢量散度场,分析比较了Q矢量散度场在不同等压面和垂直方向上的分布特点及其与台风、暴雨的关系,指出低层等压面上Q矢量散度场的演变对台风暴雨预报的作用.     

Price controls and banking in emissions trading: An experimental evaluation

We present results from laboratory emissions markets designed to investigate the effects of price controls and permit banking on limiting permit price risk. While both instruments reduce between-period price volatility and within-period price dispersion, combining price controls and permit banking yields important benefits. Banking alone produces high permit prices in earlier periods that fall over time, but the combined policy produces lower initial prices and lower volatility. However, banking, price controls, and the combination all produce higher between-period emissions volatility. Hence, for emissions markets that seek to control flow pollutants with strictly convex damages, efforts to limit permit price risk can result in higher expected damage.     

Innovation and the dynamics of global warming

Global warming and the carbon cycle are a dynamic system with positive feedbacks. Fossil fuels are exhaustible resources. These two facts mean that innovation in clean energy technology, rather than mitigating global warming, can lead to a permanently higher temperature path. This paper explores the impact of innovation in the simplest model linking the economic theory of exhaustible resources with positive feedback dynamics in the carbon cycle.     

A new meta-analysis on the WTP/WTA disparity

This study reports a new meta-analysis of papers that elicit willingness-to-pay (WTP) and willingness-to-accept compensation (WTA) measures of value for the same good. We investigate the effects of type of good and several survey-design features on the WTP/WTA disparity, measured as the logarithm of the ratio of mean WTA to mean WTP. Confirming Horowitz and McConnell?s (2002) pioneering meta-analysis, we find the disparity is smaller for ordinary private goods than for public and non-market goods, that it is not solely an artifact of using hypothetical transactions or other weak experimental or survey methods, and that it is smaller for studies using student subjects. In addition, we find that the disparity is smaller when subjects have experience valuing the good in real markets or through repeated experimental trials. In contrast to Horowitz and McConnell, we find the disparity is significantly smaller in studies using incentive-compatible elicitation mechanisms. The disparity is smaller in more recent studies, an effect that is attributable only in part to changes in study characteristics.     

拓展等效线图法评估离子液体与杀菌剂多果定之间的拮抗作用

等效线图法(isobologram)是评估化学混合物毒性相互作用的经典方法之一,然而该方法仅能评估混合物在某一特殊浓度效应水平(通常为50%的浓度效应水平,即EC50)的联合毒性作用情况。因此,拓展等效线图法并用于不同效应水平下混合物毒性的评估显得尤为必要。以杀菌剂多果定(Dod)和3种离子液体(ILs)包括溴化丁基吡啶([bpy]Br)、溴化己基吡啶([hpy]Br)和溴化辛基吡啶([opy]Br)为混合物组分,采用直线均分射线法设计3组二元混合物体系(Dod-[bpy]Br、Dod-[hpy]Br和Dod-[opy]Br)共15条射线,应用微板毒性分析法系统测定各污染物及其混合物射线对青海弧菌Q67(Vibro qinghaisiense sp. Q67,Q67)的毒性,应用拓展等效线图法分析15条混合物射线在5个不同效应水平(EC20、EC30、EC40、EC50和EC60)的毒性相互作用,并与经典等效线图法和浓度加和模型(CA)评估的结果进行比较。结果表明:以p EC50为毒性指标,3种吡啶ILs对Q67的毒性具有烷基链效应,即毒性大小顺序为Dod-[opy]BrDod-[hpy]BrDod-[bpy]Br; 3组二元混合物体系的15条射线的毒性,随农药Dod浓度比的减少而减弱;拓展等效线图法可以比较直观地表征3组Dod-ILs混合物体系在5个不同效应水平的拮抗作用,且拮抗作用强度随Dod浓度比的增加而变化,即先增强后减弱;拓展等效线图法可以有效地评估二元混合物在多个效应水平的联合毒性相互作用。