一株壬基酚降解菌的分离鉴定及其对壬基酚同分异构体降解特性研究

壬基酚(NP)是典型的内分泌干扰物,具有雌激素效应.目前对NP的研究主要集中于微生物降解对其整体去除效果,而对各NP同分异构体的降解行为尚缺乏系统性研究.从钱塘江沉积物中筛选得到一株能够降解NP的细菌,命名为N-1,实验室条件下该菌能以NP为唯一碳源生长.经形态、生理生化及16S rRNA基因序列分析,N-1鉴定为假黄单胞菌(Pseudoxanthomonas sp.).通过正交试验确定N-1降解NP的最适条件为:温度30℃,p H=7.0,菌量10%,NP浓度5~10 mg·L~(-1).最适条件下,N-1对NP 16 d整体降解率可达88.0%,对10种NP异构体降解率在69.7%~100%之间,说明N-1对NP同分异构体的降解具有结构-降解特性,即不同结构NP异构体表现出不一样的降解能力.进一步研究发现,NP异构体降解率随着NP烷基C链长度增加而升高,随着烷基取代基结构越复杂而降低.NP降解选择性导致的难降解成分残留现象,为NP类异构体污染物的微生物修复提供了一定的理论依据.     

Diversity of bacterial isolates during full scale rotary drum composting

Bacterial diversity of full scale rotary drum composter from biodegradable organic waste samples were analyzed through two different approaches, i.e., Culture dependent and independent techniques. Culture-dependent enumerations for indigenous population of bacterial isolates mainly total heterotrophic bacteria (Bacillus species, Pseudomonas species and Enterobacter species), Fecal Coliforms, Fecal Streptococci, Escherichia coli, Salmonella species and Shigella species showed reduction during the composting period. On the other hand, Culture-independent method using PCR amplification of specific 16S rRNA sequences identified the presence of Acinetobacter species, Actinobacteria species, Bacillus species, Clostridium species, Hydrogenophaga species, Butyrivibrio species, Pedobacter species, Empedobactor species and Flavobacterium species by sequences clustering in the phylogenetic tree. Furthermore, correlating physico-chemical analysis of samples with bacterial diversity revealed the bacterial communities have undergone changes, possibly linked to the variations in temperature and availability of new metabolic substrates while decomposing organics at different stages of composting.     

Radionuclides in cigarettes may lead to carcinogenesis via p16 inactivation

It is widely accepted that tobacco smoke is responsible for the vast majority of lung cancers worldwide. There are many known and suspected carcinogens present in cigarette smoke, including α-emitting radioisotopes. Epidemiologic studies have shown that increased lung cancer risk is associated with exposure to ionizing radiation, and it is estimated that the majority of smoking-induced lung cancers may be at least partly attributable to the inhaled and deposited radiation dose from radioisotopes in the cigarette smoke itself. Recent research shows that silencing of the tumor suppressor gene p16^INK4a (p16) by promoter methylation plays a role in smoking-related lung cancer. Inactivation of p16 has also been associated with lung cancer incidence in radiation-exposed workers, suggesting that radionuclides in cigarette smoke may be acting with other compounds to cause smoking-induced lung cancer. We evaluated the mechanism of ionizing radiation as an accepted cause of lung cancer in terms of its dose from tobacco smoke and silencing of p16. Because both radiation and cigarette smoking are associated with inactivation of p16, and p16 inactivation has been shown to play a major role in carcinogenesis, ionizing radiation from cigarette smoke likely plays a role in lung cancer risk. How large a role it plays, relative to chemical carcinogens and other modes of action, remains to be elucidated.     

活性污泥体系中聚糖菌的富集与鉴定

活性污泥体系中，聚糖菌(GAOs)在厌氧环境下与聚磷菌(PAOs)形成对底物的竞争关系，对聚糖菌的研究对于优化生物除磷工艺有重要意义。以葡萄糖为惟一碳源，在磷限制条件下，利用特殊运行方式对活性污泥进行驯化培养出了稳定的聚糖菌颗粒污泥，厌氧阶段磷释放量与有机物吸收量浓度(mg/L)比从7.4%下降为0.25%。从培养好的活性污泥反应器中分离获得2株聚糖菌，经菌落PCR和16S rRNA序列分析确定了所得聚糖菌菌株G1和菌株G2分别是枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和解鸟氨酸克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella ornithinolytica)。     

Effects of temperature and fertilization on total vs. active bacterial communities exposed to crude and diesel oil pollution in NW Mediterranean Sea

The dynamics of total and active microbial communities were studied in seawater microcosms amended with crude or diesel oil at different temperatures (25, 10 and 4 °C) in the presence/absence of organic fertilization (Inipol EAP 22). Total and hydrocarbon-degrading microbes were enumerated by fluorescence microscopy and Most Probable Number (MPN) method, respectively. Total (16S rDNA-based) vs. active (16S rRNA) bacterial community structure was monitored by Capillary-Electrophoresis Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (CE-SSCP) fingerprinting. Hydrocarbons were analyzed after 12 weeks of incubation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total and hydrocarbon-degrading microbial counts were highly influenced by fertilization while no important differences were observed between temperatures. Higher biodegradation levels were observed in fertilized microcosms. Temperature and fertilization induced changes in structure of total bacterial communities. However, fertilization showed a more important effect on active bacterial structure. The calculation of Simpson's diversity index showed similar trends among temperatures whereas fertilization reduced diversity index of both total and active bacterial communities.     

交通荷载作用下饱和软粘土孔压-应变分析模型

针对交通荷载的作用特点设计了循环三轴试验,进而对交通荷载作用下饱和软粘土的动力特件进行厂研究.结果表明:循环荷载作用下,饱和软粘土存在临界循环应力比,采用孔压曲线所得到的临界循环应力比要小于采用应变曲线所得到的临界循环应力比.当土样不存在初始剪应力时,随着循环次数的增加,土样的应力-应变关系曲线近似原点对称,但随着初始剪应力的增大,应力-应变关系曲线逐渐表现为一系列平行曲线,峰值孔压与循环孔压幅值均逐渐减少;同时,轴应变的发展加快,但循环应变幅值逐渐减小.当循环应力比小于临界循环应力比时,对于同一初始剪应力,不同循环应力比下的孔压比-动应变曲线近似集中在同一条曲线上.通过对试验数据进行回归分析,得到了交通荷载作用下饱和软粘土残余孔压-累积塑性应变关系模型.     

降解SO2功能菌的16S rRAN基因测序及降解特性

用低浓度SO2诱导驯化方法获得高效脱硫菌群,并用分离培养与16S rRNA基因测序技术相结合的方法鉴定菌群种属,分析驯化过程中种群结构的动态变化,同时研究分离纯菌种的脱硫性能。结果表明,从诱导驯化7 d和14 d菌液中分别分离出23株菌和22株菌,16S rRNA序列分析发现这些菌归属于13个种,其中有6个种(Rhodococcus erythropolis、Pseudomonas putida、Microbacterium oxydans、Sphingomonas koreensis、Acinetobacter junii、Acinetobacter johnsonii)对SO2-3有较强的降解能力,并在持续驯化过程中稳定的生长传代,降解产物以硫酸根为主,还有极少量的单质硫。与含混合菌的驯化菌液降解SO2-3的能力相比,单一脱硫菌的脱硫性能较弱。脱硫功能菌株及其基本特性的研究为微生物处理SO2烟气提供了丰富的菌源信息和理论基础。     

实时荧光定量PCR法快速测定水中微囊藻

以铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）16S rRNA基因片段为靶序列设计一对特异性引物，采用Real-time PCR法，对铜绿微囊藻进行定性、定量检测。试验表明，仅含铜绿微囊藻DNA模板的样品有特异性扩增，扩增产物熔解曲线平稳，峰尖且窄，熔解温度为（87±1）℃。以重组质粒pMD-18T-16S为标准品，检测区间为1．1×102 copies/mL～1．1×108 copies/mL，所得标准曲线符合制备实时定量PCR标准曲线的要求，对标准品进行测定，方法检出限为11 copies/mL。用该标准曲线对实验室培养获得的铜绿微囊藻DNA样品进行定量检测，与显微镜计数结果基本一致。     

响应面法和神经网络优化Acinetobactersp．DNS32发酵基质

为了提高阿特拉津降解菌Acinetobactersp．DNS32的产量，分别采用响应曲面法和基于人工神经网络的遗传算法对阿特拉津降解菌DNS32发酵培养基中3个重要基质成分（玉米粉、豆饼粉、K：HPO。）进行优化研究。响应曲面法确定3种成分的含量为玉米粉39．494g／L，豆饼粉25．638g／L和K。HPO。3．265g／L时，预测发酵活菌最大生物量为7．079×10^8CFU／mL，实测量为7．194×10^8CFU／mL；人工神经网络结合遗传算法优化确定3种主要成分含量为玉米粉为39．650g／L，豆饼粉为25．500g／L，K2HPO4为2．624g／L时，预测最大值为7．199×10^8CFU／mL，实测量为7．244×10。CFU／mL；最终确定培养基配方：玉米粉为39．650g／L，豆饼粉为25．500g／L，K2HPO4为2．624g／L，CaCO3为3．000g／L，MgSO4·7H2O和NaCl均为0．200g／L；优化后阿特拉津降解菌DNS32发酵生物量比优化前提高了36．6％。结果表明，在阿特拉津降解菌DNS32发酵培养基组分优化方面，响应面法和基于人工神经网络的遗传算法都是可行的，基于人工神经网络的遗传算法具有更好的拟合度和预测准确度。