Contrasting home-range size and spatial partitioning in cryptic and sympatric pipistrelle bats

The extent of spatial partitioning in insectivorous bats, whose prey is patchily distributed and transient in nature, remains a contentious issue. The recent separation of a common Palaearctic bat, the pipistrelle, into Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Pipistrellus pygmaeus, which are morphologically similar and sympatric, provides an opportunity to examine this question. The present study used radio telemetry to address the spatial distribution and foraging characteristics of P. pipistrellus and P. pygmaeus in northeast Scotland, to test the hypothesis that coexistence between these species is facilitated through spatial segregation. We reveal large and significant differences in the spatial distribution and foraging characteristics of these two cryptic species. Individual P. pipistrellus home ranges were on average three times as large as that of P. pygmaeus, and they foraged for approximately an hour longer each night. Inter-specific spatial overlap was minimal (<5%) and core foraging areas of either species were essentially mutually exclusive despite the proximity of the two roosts. Inter-specific differences in range size were associated with the spatial dispersion of productive foraging sites within individual foraging ranges. P. pipistrellus foraging sites were highly dispersed, necessitating larger ranges. It is predicted that the spatial segregation revealed by the present study is a result of selection favouring the avoidance of competition in these species through differential habitat use.     

美军标MIL-STD-810与国军标150

分析了湿热环境对装备的影响及机理,介绍了美国军标810C/D/E/F各版本中湿热试验程序的特点,分析了这些程序的变化过程及其对GJB 150/150A湿热试验程序的影响,指出了810F/和GJB150A的湿热试验的目的仅是用以加速发现装备湿热问题,不再模拟寿命期遇到的复杂的温、湿度环境,实际上是一种加速试验。     

初论元素富集成矿的地球化学机理—以岩浆热液矿床的形成为例

元素富集成矿的过程实质上是元素在地球不同圈层和不同相以及不同集合体之间分配的结果。元素的富集起始于地球形成的初期。对于大多数金属成矿元素 ,地壳特别是上地壳是大多数矿石和矿胎的储库 ,地壳丰度是元素富集成矿的物质基础。元素在地质体系演化共存相间的分配是元素富集成矿的关键过程。对于以侵入体为中心的热液矿床的形成 ,岩浆部分熔融、结晶分异、液态分离、挥发分分离以及气液相不混溶等过程能够导致金属元素最终达到矿石级的富集。挥发分则是元素富集成矿的重要制约因素     

环境优先污染物的筛选原则、程序和方法

确定环境优先污染物,是控制和防治化学品污染的带有战略性的一项基础性工作。本文根据研究编别区域环境优先污染物名单中的实践,并借鉴国内外有关经验,就筛选环境优先污染物的有关原则、程序和方法进行探讨。     

环境影响后评价的最新进展与建议

结合《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》的有关条款,探讨了环境影响后评价的概念、分类、适用对象、意义和内容,提出了环境影响后评价的管理和实施程序.结合多年的实践,分析了目前环境影响后评价工作在理论、方法和管理上存在的问题,提出了改进和完善的建议.案例实践表明,开展环境影响后评价有助于提高环境影响评价制度的有效性.     

水污染治理工程的环境绩效审计

环境绩效审计的作用之一就是检查投入到环境治理上的资金到底发挥了多大的效益.本研究以五里湖综合整治工程效益审计案例为基础,提出环境效益评估的程序,将条件评估法应用于水污染治理工程项目审计案例中,分析了无锡市居民为改善水环境质量和对周边房产的支付意愿,并计算出五里湖水环境改善的效益和周边房产的增值效益.结果表明,综合整治工程实施后会带来可观的经济效益.最后,对条件评估法在政府环境绩效审计中应用存在的问题进行了讨论,以期为政府环境审计提供技术支持.     

Determination of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in water and suspended particulate matter in the river Elbe and North Sea, Germany

The distribution of polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in the dissolved and particulate phase and their discharge from the river Elbe into the North Sea were studied. The PFCs quantified included C₄-C₈ perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), C₆ and C₈ perfluorinated sulfinates (PFSiAs), C₄-C₁₂ perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoro-3,7-dimethyl-octanoic acid (3,7m₂-PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), and n-ethyl perfluroctane sulfonamidoethanol (EtFOSE). PFCs were mostly distributed in the dissolved phase, where perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) dominated with 2.9–12.5 ng/L. In the suspended particulate matter FOSA and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) showed the highest concentrations (4.0 ng/L and 2.3 ng/L, respectively). The total flux of ΣPFCs from the river Elbe was estimated to be 802 kg/year for the dissolved phase and 152 kg/year for the particulate phase. This indicates that the river Elbe acts as a source of PFCs into the North Sea. However, the concentrations of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) in the North Sea were higher than that in the river Elbe, thus an alternative source must exist for these compounds.     

落实科学发展观 加速绿色景区创建

旅游业是社会经济的重要组成部分,但其发展过程中出现了严重的资源破坏、环境污染问题,甚至影响到它进一步发展。绿色景区创建是改变旅游业粗放经营现状、解决旅游环境问题、构建和谐社会的需要。本文阐述了绿色景区的基本内涵与创建意义,指出绿色景区创建的基本任务、方法程序和核心内容以及绿色景区创建的支撑条件与技术保障措施,为绿色景区创建提供基本思路,对旅游业持续发展具有积极意义。     

垃圾焚烧中氯化物对重金属Cd迁移转化特性的影响

采用管式炉和模拟垃圾对垃圾焚烧中氯化物对重金属Cd迁移转化特性的影响进行了研究,使用ICP-AES(美国EPA消解方法)、SEM、EDS和XRD分析技术对重金属浓度、灰渣表面形貌、成分和灰渣X射线衍射物相等进行了分析.结果表明,氯化物的加入均使得97％以上的Cd分布于飞灰中,且随氯化物含量的增加在飞灰中的分布逐渐增加.有机氯PVC和无机氯NaCl含量的变化对Cd迁移分布的影响没有显著差别.PVC对Cd迁移分布影响受温度影响显著,550℃时Cd在飞灰中分布为80.51%,850℃时Cd在飞灰中的分布上升为97.91%,但在温度超过CdCl₂的熔点568℃后温度的影响较小.NaCl对Cd的迁移分布受温度影响不明显,加入NaCl后550℃时Cd在飞灰中分布为95.02%,1 000℃时在飞灰中的分布为96.58%.氯化物存在下停留时间对Cd迁移分布没有显著影响.底渣和飞灰的SEM/EDS和XRD分析表明,PVC和NaCl对Cd迁移转化作用机理不同.     

建设项目环境影响后评价

建设项目环境影响后评价是一个新生事物,它的发生和发展需要人员的关注和支持。《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》是建设项目环境影响后评价的法律依据,建设项目环境影响后评价分为主动后评价和责成后评价,应当在建设项目正常运行阶段,运行负荷会达到设计符合的75%以上进行。建设项目环境影响后评价的主要程序分为准备阶段、评价阶段和报告编制阶段,各阶段均有后评价独特的工作内容和技术要求。据此以污水处理厂后评价为例,沿着评价程序的这一主线,详细介绍了建设项目环境影响后评价各阶段的主要工作内容和技术要求,为规范建设项目环境影响后评价提供思路。