Environmental quality of mussel farms in the Vigo estuary: pollution by PAHs, origin and effects on reproduction

This work analyzes the influence of environmental and physiological parameters on PAHs accumulation in cultured mussels. Lipid content and reproductive stage are directly related with PAHs accumulation pattern. We observed a rapid accumulation and depuration of PAHs, mainly during periods of nutrients accumulation, spawns and gonadic restorations. Correlations between PAHs accumulation and physiological status indicate when mussels are more susceptible to adverse effects of these pollutants. A positive correlation between mutagenic congener’s accumulation and occurrence of gonadic neoplastic disorders is shown for the first time in mussels. Molecular indices were used to identify the origin of hydrocarbons accumulated by Mytilus, showing a chronic pyrolytic pollution and pollutant episodes by petrogenic sources and biomass combustion in the studied area. Multivariate analysis suggests the possibility of including physiological parameters of sentinel organisms in environmental biomonitoring programs, mainly in aquaculture areas, taking into account their two aspects: farms productivity and human food safety.     

Data classification and performance evaluation for the most commonly-used univariate alarm systems

Alarm systems are critically important for safe and efficient operations of industrial plants, but many industrial alarm systems are suffering from too many nuisance alarms. This paper proposes a method to classify normal and abnormal data segments and evaluate performance indices for the most commonly used univariate alarm systems. The proposed method consists of three steps. First, piece-wise linear representations are exploited in separating historical data samples of an analog process variable configured with alarms into data segments with same qualitative trends. Second, data segments are classified into normal, abnormal and unclassified conditions via a mean hypothesis test; a required assumption is that data segments in normal and abnormal conditions have different mean values being distinguishable from alarm thresholds. Third, based on the normal and abnormal data, performance indices of univariate alarm systems are calculated, including two newly formulated ones as the false alarm duration ratio and the missed alarm duration ratio. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by numerical and industrial examples.     

五老峰隧道岩爆声发射参数特征研究

为研究岩爆事件的声发射特征，为岩爆灾害的进一步监测预警提供依据，对五老峰隧道掌子面附近区域岩爆事件进行声发射监测，以RA均值作为主要参数，研究岩爆发生前后的参数变化规律，并通过与b值等参数分析结果的相互印证，对比岩爆信号与爆破震动信号之间的区别。试验结果表明:不同传感器因为布设位置、耦合程度的差异，接收到的声发射信号数量与参数分布范围存在较大差异；RA均值作为参数分析依据，能够较好地反映岩爆事件的孕育发展过程，且能够一定程度上消除传感器接收信号数量差异的影响，更稳定地反映岩爆事件的信号特征；岩爆事件发生前RA均值与事件密度不断升高，峰值后则都迅速降低，而爆破产生的声发射信号则在RA值上存在一定突变性，且峰值后仍保持较高水平。本次监测中，共发生1次微型岩爆，而在左洞爆破后，声发射信号明显增多，但并未产生显著破裂事件。     

生态规划实效性评价指标体系研究——以《太仓生态市建设规划》实效性评价为例

首先提出了生态城市规划实效性的内涵,包含规划目标实现程度、规划效益、公众主观感受和规划实施过程合理性等4个方面。在此基础上建立包括规划编制过程、规划实施过程和规划实施结果3个阶段,涵盖政府、企业和公众等不同主体行为和利益特征的从过程到结果,具有复合价值观的规划实效性评价指标体系。通过太仓生态市建设规划实效性评价案例研究做了进一步论证:①生态城市规划主管部门是规划实效评价的主要推动者;②从过程到结果的评价思路和评价指标具有可操作性和灵活性;③规划过程评价方法的不成熟使其受到的关注有所降低。最后提出了若干规划编制和管理建议,以促进生态规划长效管理机制的形成。     

武汉市夏季湖泊水体理化指标主成份和聚类分析

为深入了解湖泊水体理化因子的变化规律，为湖泊渔业和湖泊水质管理提供基础数据，于2007年夏季测定了武汉市梁子湖、斧头湖、柴泊湖、〖JP2〗南湖和野芷湖5个养殖湖泊的TN、NH+4 N、NO-2 N、NO-3 N、TP、〖JP〗PO3-4 P、DO、pH、CODMn、WT、SD和EC，应用SPSS软件，对测定结果从事了主成份分析和聚类分析。主成份分析结果表明，3个主成份分别为营养环境因子（包括TN、NO-2 N、NO-3 N、TP、pH、CODMn和EC）、生存因子（DC）和铵吸收因子（NH+4 N）。Q型聚类结果表明，5个湖泊的13个点可聚为4大类，即第1类为9、10、11、12、13号点；第2类是1、2、4号点；第3类是5、6、7、8号点；第4类是3号点。可将5个湖泊分为3类，即斧头湖和梁子湖为一类，柴泊湖为一类，野芷湖和南湖为一类。这一结果是城市废水、生活污水和养殖生产所致。     

DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据在城镇体系空间格局研究中的应用与评价——以近16年江西省间城镇空间格局为例

通过分析1994～2009年16 a逐年DMSP/OLS的静态平均灯光数据的DN值分布情况，考虑实际空间格局分布数据需求和数据质量，选择1994、2000、2005、2009年4个年度为代表，进行江西省城镇空间格局分布应用研究，并对数据质量进行评价。结果表明：1994～2009年度江西省城镇建设用地总量数值尽管与统计数据之间存在一定的波动，但总体扩展趋势基本一致；在城镇化增长速度上，2000～2005年比1994～2000年大29.53%，2005～2009年比1994～2000年大4357%，说明江西省城镇化发展正逐步提速，并有加快发展的趋势；景观指数分析表明江西省城镇化扩张过程中，面积越来越大，城镇间聚集度越来越高，相互影响也越来越大；城镇化形状越来越复杂；城镇间联系越来越紧密，破碎度逐步减小，城镇斑块形状变化逐步加大，发展无序程度加重。最后，针对江西省城镇空间格局发展现状，研究提出了积极发展中型城市、集约化发展特大城市、稳步扩大小城镇发展规模的建议     

Analyzing maps of dispersal around a single focus

The spatial pattern of organisms may be used to characterize their dispersal, quantify spread or estimate the point of introduction of an alien species. Their distribution may be represented by maps of individuals, or by counts or by presence/absence at known positions within a sampled area. The problems and relative merits of these different forms of data for spatial inference are discussed. Three datasets concerning dispersal from a single focus are analyzed: counts of aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae, on barley plants, Hordeum vulgare, grown in experi- mental trays; mapped locations of couch grass, Elymus repens, tillers within plots of a field experiment; locations of sightings of the lupin aphid, Macrosiphum albifrons, as it invaded Great Britain between 1981 and 1984. A method for generating maps from counts is proposed to overcome problems caused by recording imprecision. Several statistics are used to quantify dispersal and spatial pattern in the experimental data and together provide a clear picture of the spatial pattern observed; they enabled several effects of the experimental treatments to be identified. The value of the statistics are compared. Estimates of the source of the lupin aphid invasion are obtained using the backtracking methods of Perry (1995b) and do not contradict previous suggestions.     

A link between ecological diversity indices and measures of biodiversity

The practice of environmental planning and protection frequently necessitates the quantification of ecological diversity. Traditional ‘ecological diversity indices’ are based on the abundances of species present. However, such indices are insensitive to taxonomic or similar differences. With equal species abundances they measure the species richness (species number) only. Conversely, so-called ‘biodiversity indices’ are based on species differences, but are insensitive to the abundance conditions. The quadratic entropy index is the only ecological diversity index, the value of which reflects both the differences ‘and’ abundances of the species. When a species list is given without abundance data, then, using the quadratic entropy index and postulating equal abundances, one gets the only biodiversity index derived from a traditional ecological index of diversity. Its extensive form is identical with the sum of differences or distances between the species present. This index trivially satisfies set monotonicity, an important property for biodiversity indices.     

应用电性拓扑状态指数预测烷烃自燃点

建立了一个基于人工神经网络的定量结构-性质相关性模型，用于52种烷烃化合物自燃点的预测研究。应用原子类型电性拓扑状态指数作为表征分子结构特征的描述符。该指数既能表征分子的电子特性，又反映其拓扑特征，同时易于计算，并有较强的同分异构体区分能力。采用误差反向传播（BP）神经网络方法对烷烃自燃点与电性拓扑状态指数间可能存在的非线性关系进行拟合。将52种烷烃样本随机划分为训练集（30种）、验证集（8种）和测试集（14种），并通过“试差法”确定网络的最优参数。运用最佳网络结构[64—1]对实验样本进行模拟，结果表明，多数样本的自燃点预测值与实验值符合良好，对于测试集，平均预测绝对误差为8．4℃，均方根误差为11．8，优于多元线性回归方法和传统基团贡献法所得结果。该方法的提出为工程上提供了一种根据分子结构预测有机物白燃点的有效方法。     

点声源环境噪声声场区域二维图形化表征方法研究

针对环境噪声监测中单一点声源声场图形化表征机理,依据点声源衰减规律建立了点声源声场二维平面表征算法,据此以网格化区域范围内非均匀布置少量监测点方法确定声源点,再经克里金插值法反演点声源声场平面分布规律,最后通过ArcGIS软件平台实现噪声图形化展示.以5×5网格化区域为例,其非均匀布点数应不少于3个,最佳布点数为3组共计6个点,其实测值与理论值最大误差为4.3％.仿真试验验证表明,点声源图形表征符合实际声场分布规律.