Molecular characterization of methanogenic microbial communities for degrading various types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

Knowledge on methanogenic microbial communities associated with the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is crucial to developing strategies for PAHs bioremediation. In this study, the linkage between the type of PAHs and microbial community structure was fully investigated through 16S rRNA gene sequencing on four PAH-degrading cultures. Putative degradation products were also detected. Our results indicated that naphthalene (Nap)/2-methylnaphthalene (2-Nap), phenanthrene (Phe) and anthracene (Ant) sculpted different microbial communities. Among them, Nap and 2-Nap selected for similar degrading bacteria (i.e., Alicycliphilus and Thauera) and methanogens (Methanomethylovorans and Methanobacterium). Nap and 2-Nap were probably activated via carboxylation, producing 2-naphthoic acid. In contrast, Phe and Ant shaped different bacterial and archaeal communities, with Arcobacter and Acinetobacter being Phe-degraders and Thiobacillus Ant-degrader. Methanogenic archaea Methanobacterium and Methanomethylovorans predominated Phe-degrading and Ant-degrading culture, respectively. These findings can improve our understanding of natural PAHs attenuation and provide some guidance for PAHs bioremediation in methanogenic environment.     

Functional relationship between ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea populations in the secondary treatment system of a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant

The abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea and their amoA genes from the aerobic activated sludge tanks, recycled sludge and anaerobic digesters of a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was determined. Polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis were used to generate diversity profiles, which showed that each population had a consistent profile although the abundance of individual members varied. In the aerobic tanks, the ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) population was more than 350 times more abundant than the ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA) population, however in the digesters, the AOA population was more than 10 times more abundant. Measuring the activity of the amoA gene expression of the two populations using RT-PCR also showed that the AOA amoA gene was more active in the digesters than in the activated sludge tanks. Using batch reactors and ddPCR, amoA activity could be measured and it was found that when the AOB amoA activity was inhibited in the anoxic reactors, the expression of the AOA amoA gene increased fourfold. This suggests that these two populations may have a cooperative relationship for the oxidation of ammonia.     

Urban recreational water – potential breeding ground for antibiotic resistant bacteria?

<正>The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, or"superbugs," has become an urgent and worldwide concern.Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) cause significant morbidity and mortality (O'Neill, 2016). It has been estimated that ARB cause at least 23,000 deaths annually in the United States alone and hundreds of thousands of deaths in developing countries (Bougnom and Piddock, 2017). Antibi-     

Editorial: Effects of metal contamination on ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in a freshwater reservoir

<正>Ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms, including ammoniaoxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA), are important to the global nitrogen cycle. These microbes catalyze the oxidization of ammonia (NH_3) to nitrite (NO_2~-), the ratelimiting step in the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen (Stahl and de la Torre, 2012). Effects on the activity of the ammoniaoxidizing microbes could ultimately influence the global     

锰氧化菌Pseudomonas sp. QJX-1对氧四环素的去除作用与机制

氧四环素（Oxytetracycline,OTC）的大量使用可能导致环境中抗性基因的生成和传播.锰氧化菌及其催化产生的生物锰氧化物（Biogenic manganese oxides,BMO）在自然界中广泛存在,但对其去除OTC的过程与机制仍不明确.因此,本研究探讨了锰氧化菌Pseudomonas sp. QJX-1对微量（5 μg·L^-1）OTC的去除作用与机制.结果表明,微量的OTC可以促进QJX-1的生长及其对Mn²⁺的氧化.QJX-1及其催化生成的BMO对OTC的去除效果较好,在第168 h时对OTC的去除率达到99%.转录组结果表明,OTC会导致细菌的pstA、pstB、pstC、urtA和urtD等ABC转运蛋白编码基因表达上调,说明OTC可能是通过ABC转运蛋白泵出QJX-1体内进而让BMO更有效地接触OTC,从而达到OTC被吸附、氧化去除的目的.RT-qPCR结果表明,微量的OTC促进了细菌多铜氧化酶基因cumA的表达,提高了BMO的生成速率,增强了对OTC的去除效果.     

氨氮和硫酸盐对谷氨酸厌氧生物降解性能的抑制及机理

采用连续运行1119d的上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）反应器,研究了最佳有机负荷条件下氨氮和硫酸盐对模拟废水中谷氨酸降解性能的抑制作用.结果表明,有机负荷为8.0g COD/（L·d）时,COD去除率达到最高值为（97.94±0.28）%.逐步提高进水氨氮浓度,起初对谷氨酸降解性能的影响不大;但升到2000mg/L时COD去除率和甲烷产率明显降低,继续升至4000mg/L时即达到半抑制状态.逐步提高进水硫酸盐浓度至4000mg/L,甲烷产率和溶液中游离硫化氢（FS）浓度分别呈现一直下降和升高趋势,但COD去除率均能维持在90%以上.进水中的氨氮和硫酸盐分别因离解平衡和生物还原作用形成游离氨（FAN）和FS,进而抑制了产甲烷菌的活性;前者因FAN扩散到细胞内部破坏质子平衡从而过多消耗ATP,后者还因硫酸盐还原菌的增殖存在底物竞争抑制作用.     

碳添加对土壤固碳细菌群落结构及多样性的影响——以松嫩平原盐碱耕地为例

采用高通量测序技术,研究秸秆、生物炭和纳米碳3种碳源添加对盐碱耕地土壤固碳细菌群落结构及多样性的影响,并分析土壤化学性质与固碳细菌群落多样性的关系.结果表明：3种碳源添加均降低土壤固碳细菌群落多样性,其中生物炭和纳米碳添加的土壤固碳细菌的Chao1指数、物种多样性、Shannon指数及系统多样性值均高于秸秆添加的.3种碳源添加均降低土壤固碳细菌群落的物种丰度,其中纳米碳添加的物种丰度大于秸秆和生物炭添加的.在群落组成方面及相对丰度上,3种碳源添加后的优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）,优势菌纲为γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）,均在纳米碳添加后相对丰度最高,分别为90.38%、57.79%.群落组间差异分析结果显示,秸秆和纳米碳添加后土壤固碳细菌群落结构差异显著.冗余分析结果表明,土壤固碳细菌群落结构受土壤pH值、有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮及有效磷的综合影响,其中土壤pH值和有效磷含量是影响土壤固碳细菌群落结构的主要化学性质.综合来看,在盐碱耕地中添加秸秆、生物炭或纳米碳,都抑制了土壤固碳细菌群落的多样性和物种丰度,但纳米碳能够增加土壤固碳细菌群落结构差异.     

产脲酶细菌矿化修复Cd和Pb污染土壤效应和机制

为了修复重金属污染土壤,保障蔬菜品质安全,利用产脲酶筛选培养基从重金属污染生菜根际土壤中筛选产脲酶细菌.通过溶液吸附和土壤静置培养试验研究功能菌株对Cd和Pb的固定钝化机制;利用水培试验研究功能菌株对不同品种蔬菜生长及吸收Cd和Pb的影响.结果显示,从生菜根际土壤中共分离到10株产脲酶细菌,其中菌株Microbacterium foliorum CH6和Bacillus thuringiensis N3的产脲酶能力（分别为62.6,59.6mS/（cm·min））和吸附钝化Cd和Pb （84.6%~91.3%）的能力最高.扫描电镜-能谱、傅里叶红外光谱和X衍射分析表明,菌株CH6和N3能够通过细胞壁吸附和诱导重金属成矿反应,降低溶液中的Cd和Pb含量.土壤静置试验表明,与不接种菌株对照相比,菌株CH6和N3均能降低土壤中可交态Cd和Pb （46.3%~66.7%）的含量,增加碳酸盐结合态及残渣态Cd和Pb （40%~95.4%）的含量.砂培试验表明,菌株CH6和N3均能显著降低生菜、上海青和空心菜可食用部分中Cd （39.2%~81.4%）和Pb （27.4%~82.3%）的含量.产脲酶细菌CH6和N3能够矿化土壤中的Cd和Pb,降低土壤中重金属有效态含量,阻控生菜、上海青和空心菜对Cd和Pb的吸收.     

基于DGAOs富集的内碳源短程硝化反硝化工艺特性

采用序批式生物反应器（SBR）,以厌氧-好氧-缺氧的运行方式,研究了低C/N比下内碳源驱动的短程硝化反硝化工艺运行性能.结果表明,反应器内可同时富集反硝化聚糖菌（DGAOs）和氨氧化细菌（AOB）.DGAOs可以利用聚-β-羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）为内碳源进行反硝化,且利用的PHA中PHB （聚-β-羟基丁酸酯）占主要部分.稳定运行后,第39d厌氧末期污泥胞内存储物质在荧光显微镜下清晰可见,内碳源存储的PHA在缺氧阶段净消耗量为2.34mmol C/L,较文献报道值高29%.经过55d的驯化后,SBR系统达到了较为稳定的脱氮效果,平均氨氮去除率为（93.13%±4.91%）,内碳源反硝化效率为（49.62%±8.97%）.驯化后的污泥淘汰了反硝化聚磷菌（DPAOs）和亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）,富集了DGAOs和AOB,其丰度从接种时的0.13%和0.20%分别上升到7.13%和1.11%,实现了低C/N下内碳源驱动短程硝化反硝化.     

污泥比例强化CANON系统抵御快速降温效能及机理

探究了3种不同颗粒及絮状污泥比例（高颗粒系统10：1~30：1;等量系统1：1~1：1.5;高絮状系统1：10~1：30）的单级自养脱氮系统（CANON）抵御快速降温的效能和机制.结果表明,CANON系统在30℃稳定运行后快速降温至10℃时,各系统的总氮去除负荷（NRR）均大幅下降,但等量系统的NRR始终高于其他系统.各系统的功能菌活性均与温度呈现出正相关关系,AAOB活性的下降幅度大于AOB和NOB的幅度,但等量系统中AAOB活性的下降幅度小于其他系统;快速降温不影响颗粒与絮状污泥功能菌的空间异质性和活性分布情况,但等量系统的空间异质性最为显著,能够较好的发挥颗粒和絮状污泥各自的作用,抵御快速降温的能力优于其他系统.