Statewide Survey of Hormones and Antibiotics in Surface Waters of Delaware

Water‐quality surveys have confirmed the presence of hormones and antibiotics in surface waters of the United States, which may be of concern to aquatic life. We investigated the concentrations of hormones and antibiotics in surface waters of the state of Delaware to determine – how they compared against environmental thresholds, how they varied across the state, and if they were correlated with land use type. Fifty surface water locations were sampled during early spring and late summer. Water samples were initially screened with ELISA followed by analysis with LC/MS/MS. The measured ranges of hormone concentrations were: 0‐3.71 ng/l for estrone, 0‐4.65 ng/l for estrone‐3‐sulfate, and 0‐6.27 ng/l for 17β‐estradiol. The measured ranges of antibiotics were: 0‐3.30 ng/l for sulfamerazine, 0‐10.74 ng/l for sulfamethoxazole, and 0‐2.29 ng/l for tetracycline. The predicted no‐effect concentration (PNEC) for estrone was exceeded for three samples and the PNEC for 17β‐estradiol was exceeded for 11 samples. In general, concentrations and detection frequencies were lower in the summer than the spring. The highest concentrations of hormones and antibiotics were spatially distributed in agricultural and urban areas; however, the correlations between land use type and the concentrations were weak. This study was the first statewide survey of hormones and antibiotics for Delaware and provided important baseline data on these emerging contaminants.     

Assessment of the Microbiological Quality of Clarias gariepinus Exposed to an Industrial Effluent in Nigeria

The microbiological impact of a detergent and soap industries effluent on Clarias gariepinus was assessed under laboratory conditions. The heterotrophic bacterial count obtained from fish surfaces ranged from 1.2 × 10²−2.0 × 10²cfu/ml amongst the control, while values of 4.8× 10⁶−8.6 × 10⁶ cfu/ml were obtained for the experimental fish exposed to the industrial effluent (0.025 ppm). The fungal count for the controls ranged from 1.2× 10²−1.2 × 10³ cfu/ml; while a range of 1.0 × 10⁶−2.0 × 10⁶ was obtained for the fish exposed to the industrial effluent. While twelve bacterial species were isolated from the fish exposed to the industrial effluent, only two were isolated from the parts of the control fish used in the study. The bacterial species are those in the genera Staphylococcus, Proteus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Enterobacter, and Escherichia. The fungal isolates include Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Rhodosporium, Candida, Alternaria, and Fusarium. The resistance of the bacterial isolates to the commonly used antibiotics showed that 100% were resistant to Augmentin, Amoxycillin and Cloxacillin, 85.71% to Tetracycline, 80.95% to Cotrimoxazole, 71.43% to Erythromycin, 33.33% to Chloramphenicol, and 28.57% to Gentamicin. Among the eight antibiotics tested, five patterns of multiple drug resistance were obtained, with the number of the antibiotics ranging from 4–8. The public health implications of these observations are discussed.     

东莞市饮用水源地中抗生素分布特征及风险评价

由于抗生素被频繁和大量使用,从而对生态环境和人类造成潜在风险,研究其在水体中的分布特征及评估其对生态和人类造成的风险具有重要意义.基于此,本文对东莞市饮用水源地11个采样点进行样品采集,采用固相萃取对样品进行前处理,利用液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用仪对45种抗生素浓度水平进行检测并分析其分布特征;同时,结合主成分分析和Pearson相关性分析阐述饮用水源地中抗生素可能的污染来源,并采用生态风险商值(RQ)和人体健康风险商值(HQ)对水样中抗生素进行风险评价.结果表明,本次检测中共有34种抗生素在评估样点中被检出,检出频率占总目标抗生素的75.6%,检出抗生素浓度范围为ND(未检出)～143.94 ng·L~(-1),浓度最高的是竹桃霉素.东莞市饮用水源地主成分的累积贡献率为63.5%,磺胺嘧啶、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、培氟沙星、卡巴多等污染物的来源可能与污水处理厂有关,对生态环境造成高风险的抗生素排序为:克拉霉素新生霉素诺氟沙星,其中,克拉霉素的RQ值最高达到4.78,出现在石龙西湖水厂水源地中,新生霉素的平均RQ值为1.15.不同年龄段的人群健康风险评价结果显示,检出的抗生素对人体未构成风险,但仍应对抗生素累积效应带来的潜在风险给予重视.     

天然水体溶解性物质对5种抗生素光解的影响

建立了分析水体溶解性物质对抗生素光解影响的方法,对比研究了8种典型天然水体成分对3类5种抗生素光解的影响及其作用机制.结果表明,不同水体成分对不同抗生素光解影响呈现很大的差异性.甲砜霉素主要发生间接光解,纯水中光解速率只有1.33×10^-5min^-1,而其他抗生素则同时发生直接光解和间接光解.水体成分中NO₃^-,Fe²⁺和Cl^-主要通过光致活性物种（·OH和¹O₂）影响抗生素光解,DOM主要通过滤光作用影响抗生素光解.另外Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺对不同抗生素的光解影响主要通过其与抗生素分子的络合作用实现,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺分别促进了恩氟沙星光解（0.3933min^-1和0.2314min^-1）,但一定程度上抑制了沙拉沙星的光解（0.0447min^-1和0.0289min^-1）.     

兰州市污水处理厂中典型抗生素的污染特征研究

以9种磺胺类、4种氟喹诺酮类以及1种氯霉素为目标物,调查研究了它们在兰州市两个生活污水处理厂中的含量水平和去除特性,初步评估了其在受纳水体中的环境风险.结果表明:污水处理厂进水和出水中均有抗生素检出,浓度差别较大,进水中抗生素浓度在nd~55.25μg·L~(-1)之间,出水中浓度在nd~9.78μg·L~(-1)之间,脱水污泥中抗生素的平均浓度高于活性污泥;抗生素在整个污水处理工艺中的去除率为15.39%~100%,生物转化或降解作用是二级处理过程中的主要去除机制;污水处理厂排水增加了受纳水体中抗生素的浓度,是受纳水体中抗生素的来源之一,环境中低浓度、多种抗生素长期残留,存在较大的潜在风险.     

Simultaneous determination of three classes of antibiotics in the suspended solids of swine wastewater by ultrasonic extraction, solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

This work describes a systematic approach to the development of a method for simultaneous determination of three classes of veterinary antibiotics in the suspended solids (SS) of swine wastewater, including five sulfonamides, three tetracyclines and one macrolide (tiamulin). The entire procedures for sample pretreatment, ultrasonic extraction (USE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) quantification were examined and optimized. The recovery efficiencies were found to be 76%-104% for sulfonamides, 81%-112% for tetracyclines, and 51%-64% for tiamulin at three spiking levels. The intra-day and inter-day precisions, as expressed by the relative standard deviation (RSD), were below 17%. The method detection limits (MDLs) were between 0.14 and 7.14 μg/kg, depending on a specific antibiotic studied. The developed method was applied to field samples collected from three concentrated swine feeding plants located in Beijing, Shanghai and Shandong province of China. All the investigated antibiotics were detected in both SS and liquid phase of swine wastewater, with partition coefficients (logK_d) ranging from 0.49 to 2.30. This study demonstrates that the SS can not be ignored when determining the concentrations of antibiotics in swine wastewater.     

珠江口水域细菌抗药性的研究

为了解珠江口水域细菌耐药性分布情况,将海水中细菌分离鉴定并进行细菌药敏实验.结果检出细菌22种120株,检测得120株细菌的抗生素谱,具有较高细菌耐药性的抗生素为:青霉素G耐药菌株的百分比为43.30%、氨苄青霉素AM的为 51.70%、头孢唑啉CI的为44.20%、卡那霉素K的为 46.70%、阿米卡星AN 的为50.80%、新生霉素NOV的为 60.00%、四环素TE 的为60.80%、复方新诺明SX的为 43.30%.细菌对链霉素S、诺氟沙星NOR、氯霉素C、环丙沙星CIP的耐药性比较低,分别为16.70%、16.70%、14.20%、13.30%.本实验对海洋微生物的研究、抗生素的安全使用以及环境保护均具有一定的指导意义.     

三种抗生素对几种海洋微藻叶绿素a含量影响的初步研究

实验室条件下,研究了氯霉素(chloramphenicol ,Cm)、遗传霉素 (geneticin G418)、青霉素 (penicillin)对三种常见海洋饵料微藻:小球藻 (Chlorella vulgaris Beij. ) ,金藻8701(Isochrysis galbana Parke 8701.) 和小新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium Ehr.)叶绿素a含量的影响.结果表明: (1) 低于100 mg/L的氯霉素对小球藻和金藻8701叶绿素a含量影响较小(P>0.05);氯霉素浓度大于50 mg/L时,小新月菱形藻叶绿素a含量显著降低(P<0.05) .(2) 不同浓度的G418均明显抑制三种微藻叶绿素a含量的增加.(3) 低于100 mg/L的青霉素能够促进三种藻叶绿素a的增加,相对增长率随青霉素浓度的升高而逐渐下降;三种藻对青霉素的敏感性存在差异.试验结果可为微藻无菌培养体系的建立提供参考.     

微波诱导改性活性炭催化处理低浓度抗生素废水

通过采用负载FeSO4活性炭、CuSO4活性炭和一般活性炭作为微波催化剂处理抗生素废水的对比实验,研究不同负载方法对抗生素制药废水COD去除的差别,结果表明,负载FeSO4的活性炭作为催化剂的微波处理系统对COD的去除率最高.以微波诱导负载FeSO4的活性炭为催化剂对抗生素制药废水进行处理,结果表明,增大负载FeSO4活性炭质量,微波辐射时间和微波功率,均有利于抗生素废水中COD的去除,但各影响因素的取值并不是越大越好.对微波诱导负载FeSO4活性炭催化工艺处理抗生素废水进行反应动力学分析,结果显示,过程近似一级反应,其动力学方程为:lnC0/C=0.1413t+5.4121,r=0.9876.反应动力学常数为0.1413 min-1.     

畜禽有机肥对典型蔬果地土壤剖面重金属与抗生素分布的影响

采集不同类型的畜禽有机肥及施用后的土壤,测定其重金属浓度,同时利用超声波提取-SPE—LC／MS／MS方法分析土壤中14种抗生素的污染特征,研究长期施用畜禽有机肥对典型蔬果地土壤剖面重金属与抗生素分布的影响。结果表明,猪粪、羊粪、鸡粪3种畜禽有机肥中最易造成土壤污染的是猪粪,Cu、Zn和Cd含量分别为197．0、947．0和1．35mg·kg-1。不同土地利用方式下,施用有机肥均使重金属在土壤剖面呈现表聚现象,以设施菜地最为突出,Zn和Cd积累明显,0—20cm土层含量分别为203和0．48mg·kg-1。不同土地利用方式下,14种抗生素的含量与组成在土壤剖面上存在明显分异,随土层深度增加含量迅速下降,但在〉80～100cm土层仍有检出;设施菜地表层土壤抗生素含量为39．5μg·kg-1,积累和残留明显高于林地和果园,特别是四环素类和氟喹诺酮类,含量分别为34．3和4．75μg·kg-1。可见,农田土壤长期大量施用畜禽有机肥可引起重金属和抗生素的复合污染,具潜在生态风险。