青霉菌与生物炭复合修复土壤砷污染的研究

采用随机区组设计,分别对添加不同量的青霉菌和生物炭的砷污染土壤进行培养,通过测定土壤中的As~(3+)、As~(5+)及总砷含量,探究了青霉菌与生物碳复合修复对砷污染土壤中有效砷的钝化率及土壤中砷的价态转化的影响,同时对土壤中的微生物数量进行区系分析,建立了微生物数量与有效砷含量之间的关系.结果显示,随着青霉菌接菌量与生物炭施用量的增加,土壤中总砷含量不会发生变化,有效砷含量从17.74 mg·kg~(-1)下降到12.69 mg·kg~(-1),有效砷的钝化率可达到27.6%左右.而两种价态的砷(As~(5+)、As~(3+))之间没有发生转化,约27%的As~(5+)会被青霉菌与生物炭固定,但As~(3+)在土壤中的含量基本保持不变.在有效砷含量下降的同时,土壤中放线菌的含量基本不变,但土壤中细菌的总量有所上升.结果表明,青霉菌与生物碳复合修复可以降低有效砷的含量,并使砷污染土壤中的微生物环境有所改善,对砷污染土壤显示出较好的修复性能.     

EK∕PRB修复砷污染土壤影响因素及机理

为明确EK/PRB（电动联合渗透反应格栅）修复As污染土壤过程中各因素的影响机理、提高As的去除效率,以As污染高岭土为研究对象,考察PRB加入、PRB位置、pH调控及腐殖酸强化影响下,EK/PRB系统中电流密度、土壤pH分布和土壤中As残余量、电渗透系数及电渗流的变化规律;探讨EK/PRB修复后土壤中As形态的迁移转化规律.结果表明:①单独EK修复对土壤中As的去除效率较低,加入PRB后去除率为由42%增至57%,并且EK/PRB修复可以将土壤中的As由不容易去除的可还原态转变成较容易去除的酸溶态.②采用盐酸调节阴极pH,可以将土壤中As的去除率由57%增至63%,但同时能耗也明显升高,由5.22 kW·h/g升至39.38 kW·h/g.③添加腐殖酸会促进土壤中As的迁移、提高As的去除效率,但也会增加土壤中难处理的可氧化态和残渣态As的占比.研究显示,EK/PRB除As过程中以PRB的去除作用为主,阴极pH调控及腐殖酸强化均可以提高土壤中As的去除率.      

氯化铁絮凝-直接过滤工艺对地下水中As(Ⅴ)的去除机制研究

为探明氯化铁(Fe Cl3)絮凝-直接过滤工艺对地下水中砷(As)的去除过程及机制,分别进行了批吸附实验、现场絮凝-直接过滤实验、扩展X射线精细结构光谱(EXAFS)及电荷分布多位络合(CD-MUSIC)模拟.采集的地下水样品As主要为五价[As(Ⅴ)],浓度为40μg·L-1.现场柱实验直接过滤工艺中Fe投加量为1.5 mg·L-1,出水As(Ⅴ)浓度均低于10μg·L-1,92 h内可提供64 984 L安全饮用水.固体废物毒性浸出实验表明泥饼浸出液中As浓度为3.4μg·L-1,远低于美国环保署限定值(5 mg·L-1).EXAFS和CD-MUSIC模拟表明Fe Cl3絮凝去除地下水中As(Ⅴ)存在两种机制:在p H 3~9.5范围内,As(Ⅴ)主要以双齿双核吸附在氢氧化铁上;p H9.5时,As(Ⅴ)主要与Ca2+和Mg2+形成沉淀而去除.     

硫酸盐还原菌介导的吸附态砷的迁移转化

自然界中砷(As)主要被吸附在铁氧矿物上,吸附态砷从铁氧矿物释放至水体是水中砷污染的主要来源.在此过程中,微生物起着至关重要的作用.本研究的目的是探究加入硫酸盐还原菌Desulfovibrio vulgaris DP4对吸附态砷迁移转化的影响.结果表明,0 h两体系砷释放量均为0μmol·L~(-1).与对照组相比,前84 h DP4促进了吸附态五价砷[As(Ⅴ)]的脱附,在13 h砷的释放量达到最大值12.6μmol·L~(-1),占初始总吸附量(16μmol·L~(-1))的79%,是对照组(1.5μmol·L~(-1))的8.4倍.而在84 h之后,DP4体系的砷浓度低于非生物对照组,表明溶解态砷被再次固定.此过程中,砷的释放量与氧化还原电位(Eh)显著相关(P=0.001).XRD结果表明,在DP4作用下针铁矿的结晶度降低了50%,且结晶度越低,吸附能力越强,这可能是后期砷被再次固定的原因之一.同时SEM-EDS表明DP4使得针铁矿发生团聚,部分被转化为硫铁矿.As的XANES结果表明固相中没有硫化砷生成,这进一步证明固相中生成的主要是硫铁矿,它对砷的再吸附导致了后期DP4体系中溶解态砷的浓度低于非生物对照组.此外,在固相中检测出了19%的As(Ⅲ),而液相中并未检测出溶解态的As(Ⅲ),据此推测硫酸盐还原菌原位还原了吸附态As(Ⅴ).     

镉砷在针铁矿界面共吸附的相互作用机制

通过吸附动力学和吸附热力学结合表面物理化学表征等手段,研究了As(Ⅴ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在针铁矿界面上的相互作用过程,解析了As(Ⅴ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在针铁矿界面共吸附过程中形成三元络合物的形态.结果表明：(1) As(Ⅴ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在针铁矿界面的吸附过程均符合准二级动力学模型,吸附以化学吸附为主;(2) As(Ⅴ)在针铁矿界面吸附均以内圈吸附为主,具有单层吸附的典型特征,Cd(Ⅱ)在针铁矿界面单吸附过程与As(Ⅴ)类似,而添加了As(Ⅴ)的共吸附过程则出现了外圈吸附,呈现多层吸附的典型特征;(3) As(Ⅴ)和Cd(Ⅱ)共存时可通过静电作用以及形成三元络合物的方式相互促进对方在针铁矿界面上的吸附;(4)通过对比各种表征结果,推导As(Ⅴ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在针铁矿上共吸附过程中生成了“Fe-As-Cd”形式的三元络合物.研究结果进一步丰富了对土壤-氧化铁界面重金属元素微化学相互作用过程的理解.     

福美胂在苹果树上的残留

调查了两个果园１５～２０年树龄的苹果树在连续用福美胂喷涂７～１０年后树根、树皮、枝条、叶片、果实和土壤的砷含量，并和未使用福美胂的果树含量做了比较。结果表明，果实中有砷积累，但未超过食品卫生标准。使用福美胂的树皮、技条、叶片中砷含量比未使用福美胂的高儿倍～十几倍，树皮和短梢叶含量最高。枝条和叶片与树皮的砷含量有密切正相关。土壤表层虽有轻度积累，但不会对土壤生态环境有太大影响。     

Removal of arsenic in tailings by soil flushing and the remediation process monitoring

In order to investigate the optimum conditions for the application of soil flushing of arsenic, a batch test was carried out using EDTA at various concentration and pH levels. Based on the optimum condition derived from the batch test, a column test was conducted to examine the feasibility of the soil-flushing technology under field-equivalent conditions. In this column test, a low flushing solution flow rate showed a significantly higher As removal efficiency (71.6%) than a high flow rate (56.3%). TCLP (toxicity characteristic leaching procedure) and a seed germination test were carried out to monitor the toxicity both during and after the treatment. The finally treated tailings were shown to be significantly remediated, having a reduced toxicity by both the TCLP and seed germination tests.     

Spatial variability of arsenic concentration in soils and plants, and its relationship with iron, manganese and phosphorus

Spatial distribution of arsenic (As) concentrations of irrigation water, soil and plant (rice) in a shallow tube-well (STW) command area (8 ha), and their relationship with Fe, Mn and P were studied. Arsenic concentrations of water in the 110 m long irrigation channel clearly decreased with distance from the STW point, the range being 68-136 μg L⁻¹. Such decreasing trend was also noticed with Fe and P concentrations, but the trend for Mn concentrations was not remarkable. Concerning soil As, the concentration showed a decreasing tendency with distance from the pump. The NH₄-oxalate extractable As contributed 36% of total As and this amount of As was associated with poorly crystalline Fe-oxides. Furthermore only 22% of total As was phosphate extractable so that most of the As was tightly retained by soil constituents and was not readily exchangeable by phosphate. Soil As (both total and extractable As) was significantly and positively correlated with rice grain As (0.296 ± 0.063 μg g⁻¹, n = 56). Next to drinking water, rice could be a potential source of As exposure of the people living in the As affected areas of Bangladesh.     

Arsenic contamination in the Kanker district of central-east India: geology and health effects

This paper identifies newer areas of arsenic contamination in the District Kanker, which adjoins the District Rajnandgaon where high contamination has been reported earlier. A correlation with the mobile phase episodes of arsenic contamination has been identified, which further hinges on the complex geology of the area. Arsenic concentrations in both surface and groundwater, aquatic organisms (snail and water weeds) soil and vegetation of Kanker district and its adjoining area have been reported here. The region has been found to contain an elevated level of arsenic. All segments of the ecoysystem are contaminated with arsenic at varying degrees. The levels of arsenic vary constantly depending on the season and location. An analysis of groundwater from 89 locations in the Kanker district has shown high values of arsenic, iron and manganese (mean: 144, 914 and 371 μg L⁻¹, respectively). The surface water of the region shows elevated levels of arsenic, which is influenced by the geological mineralised zonation. The most prevalent species in the groundwater is As(III), whereas the surface water of the rivers shows a significant contamination with the As(V) species. The analysis shows a bio-concentration of the toxic metals arsenic, nickel, copper and chromium. Higher arsenic concentrations (groundwater concentrations greater than 50 μg L⁻¹) are associated with sedimentary deposits derived from volcanic rocks, hence mineral leaching appears to be the source of arsenic contamination. Higher levels of arsenic and manganese in the Kanker district have been found to cause impacts on the flora and fauna. A case study of episodic arsenical diarrhoea is presented.     

Effect of natural organic matter on arsenic release from soils and sediments into groundwater

Arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater has received significant attention recently. Natural and anthropogenic sources contribute to the worldwide occurrence of As contamination. As speciation is an important factor related to its toxic and mobile behavior. The release of As from soils and sediments into groundwater is governed by several geophysicochemical processes, of which, As sorption behavior is of principle significance. This review paper summarizes existing information regarding the effects of natural organic matter (NOM) on the fate and mobility of As species in the environment. NOM may enhance the release of As from soils and sediments into the soil solution, thereby facilitating As leaching into the groundwater. The main influencing mechanisms include competition for available adsorption sites, formation of aqueous complexes, and/or changes in the redox potential of site surfaces and As redox speciation. NOM may also serve as binding agents, thereby reducing As mobility. However, comparably little research has been performed on this aspect. Since most investigations have been done on purified minerals under laboratory conditions, further research involving various geological materials under natural environmental conditions is required. Development of proper geochemical conceptual models may provide means of predicting the role of NOM in arsenic leaching and/or immobilization.