Promoting late-fall establishment of tall fescue with artificial soil covers to minimise soil erosion

Frequently, turfgrass seedings have been sown in the late fall, which usually results in a poor vegetative stand and the possibility of soil erosion the following spring. This study evaluates the effects of a spun-bonded polyester soil cover placed over a late-fall seeding on subsequent seedling growth and overwintering. Clemfine, Mustang, Rebel, and Rebel II cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were sown on a silt loam soil in late fall (on 17 October in 1989 and 19 October in 1990) and allowed to grow with and without a soil cover until June. In the spring the temperature under the soil cover was greater than 2°C warmer than the uncovered soil from mid-April through May. Over the winter, leaf and root weights showed no detrimental effects from being under the cover. Individual cultivars grown under the cover produced 2 to 11 times greater leaf yields and 38 to 270% better stand establishment than those sown on the exposed soil. However, plant winter injury was observed under the soil cover in small soil depressions which accumulated water originating from thawing. All cultivars had similar amounts of growth under the cover. However, leaf yields for Rebel were 30-55% less than the other cultivars when grown under the cover and this was probably related to a low seed germination rate. The covers also promoted weed growth, which comprised from 34–65% of total leaf weights and was found to be negatively correlated (r = –0.66) to the yields of the sown grass. The soil cover was found to be beneficial to improving the success of seedling establishment of late seedings of tall fescue in cold areas.     

微米气泡强化臭氧氧化的作用机理研究

采用微米气泡系统(平均粒径约为58 μm)和普通的鼓泡系统进行对比研究微米气泡对臭氧氧化的强化作用机理.在相同的进气流率下,采用微米气泡体系臭氧在水中的传质系数和利用率是鼓泡系统的1.6-2.7倍和2.3-3.2倍.利用臭氧氧化模拟活性艳蓝KN-R废水(100 mg·l-1)的实验结果表明,染料在微米气泡体系中的脱色速率高于鼓泡系统,二者达到99%脱色效率所需的时间分别为30 min和60 min.在同样的脱色速率下,染料在微米气泡系统中的TOC去除率较大,说明微米气泡不仅能够提高臭氧的传质速度,而且可以强化臭氧的氧化能力.     

宁夏农牧业发展方向与草地农业结构调整问题的探讨

针对宁夏农牧业发展结构失衡的现状,指出长期推行重农轻牧的农区模式而不是发展草地农业是一种方向性失误。为此探讨了宁夏农牧业结构调整的生态学依据,分区调整方向与拓宽结构调整思路的问题。     

基于人工神经网络模型预测ABR反应器处理效率

ABR反应器的处理效率受多方面的因素影响，本文通过BP人工神经网络，利用ABR反应器进水CODcr浓度、容积负荷、温度、稳定运行时间四个参数对其反应器处理效率进行预测。结果表明，BP人工神经网络可较好的用于ABR反应器处理效率的预测，具有较高的精度，在实际生产中，可以运用人工神经网络，对ABR反应器的运行参数进行调整，使之达到最优化的运行状态。     

水葫芦-水草人工湿地系统在再生浆造纸废水处理中的应用研究

通过对水葫芦 -水草人工湿地处理再生浆造纸废水的试验研究表明 ,在进水pH 7 12～ 7 49,BOD5、CODCr、SS浓、度分别为 44 0 5mg/L、35 4 2mg/L、2 90 7mg/L ,水力负荷 0 0 5m/d的条件下 ,BOD5、CODCr、SS的去除率分别为98%、93%、和 89%。系统性能稳定 ,出水水质达到排放标准且可用于农灌     

人工神经网络方法用于城市环境空气质量综合评价

采用人工神经网络技术,建立了城市环境空气质量综合评价的ANN模型,并通过实例对建立的评价模型进行验证。结果证明,ANN模型用于区域环境空气质量评价,其评价结果比较直观。同时,对在建立和应用ANN模型时应注意的一些问题进行了讨论。     

Enhanced experimental flexibility and control in ecotoxicological mesocosm experiments--a new outdoor and indoor pond and stream system

Scope The German Federal Environmental Agency has put into operation a new modular mesocosm system consisting of eight outdoor and eight indoor ponds and streams in order to investigate fate and effects of chemicals and municipal wastewater in aquatic ecosystems. General design and special characteristics are given to demonstrate the wide range of possibilities for experimental research. - General design. Each of the 16 streams with riffle and pool sections can be varied in length up to 106 m. The streams can be run as circular or flow-through systems at a flow velocity of 0.02 to 0.6 m/s. Physico-chemical standard parameters are measured on-line. The 16 ponds, which can be connected to the stream systems, are equipped with drainage and pore water-sampling devices for simulating processes in the littoral zone including influent and effluent ground water flow. Perspectives Since the highly flexible and controllable construction also allows treating a wide range of hydrological and ecological experiments external institutions are invited to submit proposals.     

人工浮床栽培7种植物在富营养化水体中的生长特性研究

本研究利用人工浮床在富营养化水体栽培了7种植物,成活率都在70%以上,2个月的生长期内生物的生长量都超过20kg鲜重/m2.浮床栽培芦苇的净化效果最好,每平方米的芦苇浮床可以使117.93 m3的水从V类水质净化为Ⅲ类水质(以总磷计),其次分别为荻、水稻、蕹菜、牛筋草、香蒲和美人蕉.对蕹菜和水稻植株的检测表明,分别作为蔬菜和青饲料完全符合国家有关卫生标准.     

基于多智能体和土地转换模型的耕地撂荒模拟研究——以陕西省米脂县为例

多模型耦合已经成为国内外模拟LUCC有效途径之一。论文通过如下步骤阐明宏观耕地撂荒格局和微观主体行为间的互动机理。首先,将微观主体间的相互作用纳入其决策,构建有限理性多智能体决策模型（Multi-Agent System,MAS）;其次,通过SNNS平台的训练学习以及与历史数据对比分析,验证土地转换模型（Land Transformation Model,LTM）模拟研究区宏观撂荒格局的有效性;最后,依据多模型耦合机理,耦合MAS模型与LTM模型,形成耕地撂荒模拟模型（Cropland Abandonment Simulation Model,CASM）,并基于研究区耕地撂荒的实际数据,探讨模型的合理性和可行性。结果表明：与2013年历史土地利用数据对比,CASM模型的PCM（Percent Correct Metric）系数为71%,比单独利用LTM模型的模拟精度提高3%,不仅表明CASM能够较好地模拟分析米脂县耕地撂荒空间格局分布,而且可有效揭示宏观耕地撂荒格局的微观驱动机理;同时,文章指出未来研究中要考虑政策和市场的影响,进一步完善不同层次主体决策对撂荒的影响,以此来提高模型对现实耕地撂荒的解释力。     

近20年来中国典型区域PM2.5时空演变过程

近20年来PM_(2.5)污染严重制约了中国可持续发展.长时间序列历史监测数据的缺失阻碍了相关研究.为此,本文以四大典型区域2013~2016年的PM_(2.5)浓度监测值和2000~2016年MODIS AOD数据、边界层高度、温度等气象数据作为基础数据,将反向人工神经网络和支持向量回归机两种算法相结合,构建组合模拟模型,并利用地理空间分析技术实现近20年来PM_(2.5)浓度历史变化过程的情景再现.研究结果表明,组合模型具有较低的误差和更高的泛化能力;时空分析结果表明,2000~2010年京津冀和东三省PM_(2.5)浓度持续增长,珠三角PM_(2.5)浓度缓慢下降,3个研究区PM_(2.5)污染范围呈扩大趋势,长三角PM_(2.5)浓度值及污染范围基本保持稳定.2012年4个研究区PM_(2.5)浓度值降低且污染范围缩小,但2013~2016年PM_(2.5)浓度略微上升后又下降,高污染范围缩小,这与国家采取PM_(2.5)区域联防等治理措施有关.