有机氯农药和多溴联苯醚在白洋淀鸭子组织中分布特征研究

利用气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)方法定量分析了白洋淀鸭子肌肉、肝脏、脑组织中HCHs、DDTs和PBDEs的分布特征.结果表明,3种组织中HCHs和DDTs的含量范围分别为0.9～5.0 ng/g(以湿重计,下同)和0.3～2.8 ng/g,而PBDEs的含量范围是0.03～0.65 ng/g.统计分析鸭子不同组织中持久性卤代烃的含量差异,结果显示,DDTs和PBDEs的含量水平有较大差异(p0.05);而HCHs在3种组织中的含量差异不明显(p0.05).肝脏中DDTs和PBDEs的平均含量较高,分别为2.3和0.37 ng/g.在HCHs和DDTs同系物(代谢物)组成中,β-HCH在肝脏和脑组织中占主要地位,p,p′-DDE是DDTs的主要代谢产物;在PBDEs同系物中,BDE47和BDE99是鸭子组织中主要的组成部分.鸭子不同组织中HCHs、DDTs和PBDEs的组成模式反映了白洋淀仍然受到历史残留的有机氯农药污染;同时,来自白洋淀上游的工业污染很可能输入新型持久性有机污染物(PBDEs).     

污水及污泥中多溴联苯醚的研究进展

多溴联苯醚是一类溴代阻燃剂,包括三种主要的工业产品,五溴、八溴、十溴联苯醚.该物质曾广泛使用于电子、材料、家具等产品中.研究表明,在这些产品的生产、使用和处理过程中均会释放多溴联苯醚到周边环境中.多溴联苯醚具有持久性、可生物富集和长距离迁移,对人体和身体系统存在潜在危害,是一类新兴污染物.目前,这类物质中的部分化合物已...     

Optimization of an in vitro method to measure the bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in dust using response surface methodology

To more reasonably evaluate human intake of PBDEs via dust ingestion, bioaccessibility should be taken into account. Previously, we developed an in vitro method to determine the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in food. Here, this method was adapted to determine the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in dust and the digestion conditions that influenced the bioaccessibility of PBDEs were optimized. The digestion conditions included the incubation time of dust in the intestinal digestion solution (T), the bile concentration in the intestinal digestion solution (C_bile), and the ratio of the volume of the intestinal digestion solution to dust (R). The influence of the concentrations of individual PBDE congeners (C_PBDE) on the bioaccessibility of PBDEs was also investigated. Central composite design was used to build an experimental model and set experimental parameters, and response surface methodology was used to analyze the obtained data. The results showed that the bioaccessibility of PBDEs increased with the increases of C_bile and R, and was independent of T and C_PBDE. Under the digestion conditions with C_bile and R being at 4.0-7.0 g/L and 150-250, respectively, the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in the method-dust varied from 39.2% to 72.8%, which were comparable with the bioaccessibility or bioavailability of PBDEs in dust/soil in the literature. Thus, the in vitro method to measure the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in dust was established and validated. Finally, the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in four natural dust samples, which ranged from 36.1% to 43.3%, were determined using the adapted method.     

江苏经济高速发展城市香樟树皮中的多溴联苯醚

2009年7月在江苏省南部城市苏州,南通和无锡采集了40组香樟树皮样品,用加速溶剂萃取、气相色谱质谱法测定了样品中8种多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）.结果表明,所有样品中都检出了PBDEs,Σ8 PBDEs（BDE28、47、100、99、153、154、183、209）平均含量为835μg/kg脂重（112～7 460μg...     

Contamination by persistent toxic substances in surface sediment of urban rivers in Chaohu City, China

The concentration and spatial distribution of persistent toxic substances (PTS) in the river sediment in Chaohu City, China were investigated. A total of nine surface sediments were collected and the selected PTS pollutants including six heavy metals and nineteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed. The mean heavy metal concentrations (in mg/kg, dry weight) ranged within 0.18-1.53 (Hg), 50.08-200.18 (Cu), 118.70-313.65 (Zn), 50.77-310.85 (Cr), 37.12-92.72 (Pb) and 13.29-197.24 (As), and Cu, Zn and As have been regarded as the main metal pollutants. The levels of PBDEs (1.2-12.1 ng/g) and BDE-209 (2.4-30.5 ng/g) were at the middle level of the global range. BDE-209 was the predominant congener (67.0%-85.7%), which agrees with the fact that technical deca-BDE mixtures are the dominant PBDE formulation in China. The relative high level of PTS pollutants in the western part of the city is probably owing to the intensive agricultural activities and lack of sewerage system there. The ecological risk assessment with the sediment quality guidelines (SOGs) indicates that the urban river sediments in the city have been heavily contaminated by heavy metals with probable ecotoxicological impacts on freshwater organisms and the main toxic pollutants are Hg and As. The results of current study imply that the city, and perhaps many other small cities in China as well, requires immediate pollution control measures with emphasis on not only conventional organic pollutants but also on PTS such as heavy metals and PBDEs.     

浙江省台州市电子垃圾拆解地多溴联苯醚浓度水平分布特征和迁移趋势

本研究分析了浙江省台州市电子垃圾拆解地及其周边表层土壤和大气中多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）的浓度水平.结果表明,台州市峰江和滨海的拆解园区、农田和居住区土壤中∑₁₂PBDEs含量（以dw计）范围分别为21.8~1310 ng ·g^-1和6.19~220 ng ·g^-1,PBDEs单体分布没有显著差异.峰江和滨海两地大气中∑₁₂PBDEs质量浓度范围分别为262~3240 pg ·m^-3和840~2990 pg ·m^-3,浓度中值分别为1410 pg ·m^-3和840 pg ·m^-3（冬季）、1590 pg ·m^-3和1960 pg ·m^-3（夏季）,除去BDE209外的11种PBDEs单体分布在冬夏两季呈现显著性差异.通过土-气交换逸度分析发现峰江和滨海PBDEs在土-气分布迁移趋势上呈现一定的差异性.峰江PBDEs的迁移趋势主要以土壤挥发为主,土壤是大气中3~5溴代BDEs的排放源,温度的升高可以促进这一过程,这说明峰江土壤中PBDEs已成为污染释放源,建议应对峰江电子垃圾拆解园区土壤和附近农田开展土壤修复.滨海PBDEs的迁移趋势则主要以大气沉降为主,土壤是PBDEs主要的汇,说明滨海的拆解园成为PBDEs的新排放源.     

多溴联苯醚与雌激素受体作用的CoMFA／CoMSIA研究

以多溴联苯醚类化合物的ER亲合力为生物活性指标，运用基于配体结构信息的CoMFA／CoMSIA方法，模拟该类化合物与雌激素受体的结合作用机制，结果表明，这些结构类似化合物中存在的不同受体作用模式，需要结合基于受体功能区结构的QSAR方法进一步探讨。     

乙醇/PODE/柴油燃料及喷油参数对柴油机燃烧和排放影响

在一台六缸四冲程高压共轨柴油机上开展了乙醇/聚甲氧基二甲醚（PODE）/柴油混合燃料对内燃机燃烧和排放影响的试验研究.结果表明,在转速为1137 r·min^-1,转矩为735 N·m的工况条件下,随着掺混PODE和乙醇比例的增大,双峰放热越来越明显,扩散燃烧速率增大,有效燃油消耗率增大,有效热效率降低,但降低幅度小于1%,其中,DPE5（PODE体积分数为20%,乙醇体积分数为5%）的有效热效率与D100（纯柴油）基本相当.提前主喷时刻、增大喷油压力均使有效热效率增大,CO和碳烟排放降低,NO_x排放增大,而对降低HC排放的影响较小.相比D100,混合燃料可降低CO、HC、碳烟排放,在低喷油压力和较晚主喷时刻下,对碳烟的减排效果更为显著,最大降幅分别为85.5%（主喷时刻-1℃ A ATDC、喷油压力900 bar）和82.9%（主喷时刻-3℃ A ATDC、喷油压力600 bar）,但不同混合燃料间的排放差异较小.综上所述,重型柴油机使用乙醇/PODE/柴油混合燃料可在热效率相当的前提下对排放有较大改善.     

电脑散热风扇灰尘中多溴二苯醚的污染特征和环境健康风险评价

以多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）为阻燃剂的电器的使用是室内灰尘中PBDEs的一个重要来源,其中,电脑是人们日常使用时间较长的电子设备之一.采集了主要电脑厂商过去十年间生产的笔记本和台式机内置散热风扇处的灰尘,研究了灰尘中PBDEs的含量、组成、来源及人体暴露量,并评价了其环境健康风险.结果表明,各主流品牌电脑均有部分样品∑PBDEs含量较高,显示其可能都曾使用PBDEs作为阻燃剂.组成上,笔记本和台式机均以BDE-209为主（笔记本：89.4%,台式机：93.3%）.53%的笔记本（19/36）和台式机（10/19）灰尘中∑PBDEs与室内降尘对照样的比值>1.其中,8台笔记本和2台台式机的比值>10（77±99和53±61）,表明部分电脑的组件中添加了PBDEs,其运行使用是室内环境中PBDEs的来源之一.人体通过灰尘摄入途径暴露于电脑释放源∑PBDEs的非致癌风险（HI）和BDE-209的致癌风险（CR）均比呼吸暴露途径高1~2个数量级,显示灰尘摄入在人体对电脑等室内PBDEs释放源的暴露中扮演主要角色.各暴露途径的暴露量均低于RfD,HI > 1和CR > 10^-6（可接受致癌风险的上限）的超标概率均小于0.000%,显示人体通过灰尘摄入和呼吸途径暴露于电脑释放源PBDEs的环境健康风险低,但由于人体对PBDEs暴露途径的多样性,其叠加后的暴露量和健康风险仍需进一步研究评估.BDE-209是我国人体经灰尘摄入和呼吸途径暴露于电脑释放源PBDEs的首要同系物.主要低溴BDE的暴露风险随溴代数降低而增加,BDE-209漫长复杂的自然降解所产生低溴BDE的环境健康风险值得继续关注.