Functional traits of poplar leaves and fine roots responses to ozone pollution under soil nitrogen addition

Concurrent ground-level ozone（O₃） pollution and anthropogenic nitrogen（N） deposition can markedly influence dynamics and productivity in forests.Most studies evaluating the functional traits responses of rapid-turnover organs to O₃ have specifically examined leaves,despite fine roots are another major source of soil carbon and nutrient input in forest ecosystems.How elevated O₃ levels impact fine root biomass and biochemistry remains to be resolved.This study was...     

Habitat complexity reduces the growth of aggressive and dominant brown trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmo trutta</Emphasis>) relative to subordinates

Animals often prefer areas containing physical structure, and population density often increases with structural complexity, presumably because physical complexity in habitats may offer protection from predators and aggressive competitors. Consequently, increased habitat complexity often results in reduced territory size, lower aggression levels and reduced resource monopolisation by dominants. If behavioural plasticity is limited at early life stages, increased habitat complexity may reduce the relative fitness of aggressive, dominant strategies. Here we tested this hypothesis in an experiment on newly emerged brown trout (Salmo trutta) fry. We show, for the first time, that increased habitat complexity reduces the fitness (i.e. growth rate) of aggressive dominant individuals in relation to subordinates, and that this relation is reversed in simple habitats. Variation in environmental complexity may thus induce fluctuating selective pressures, maintaining behavioural variation in natural populations and allowing subordinate and dominant strategies to coexist.     

地质系统的复杂性和非线性地质动力学

从 6个方面分析了地质系统的复杂性 ,并划分出 6个地质动力系统和 2 8个地质动力学作用方式 (子系统 )。讨论了非线性地质动力学的主要研究内容和成矿动力系统的非线性特征及其研究内容和方法。     

Predator recognition and anti-predator responses in the rainbowfish Melanotaenia eachamensis

Predator evasion behaviour patterns of three populations of rainbowfish (Melanotaenia eachamensis) were compared. The populations differed in the level of complexity of their natural habitats and the type and extent of predation. The predator recognition abilities of fish were assessed by exposing them to models differing in their degree of predator realism. The availability of vegetated cover and the location of the models with respect to cover were manipulated. Fish from Lake Tinaroo, a relatively open habitat containing numerous predators, showed strong changes in elective group size (EGS) in response to the different models but did not rely on cover as a place of refuge. In contrast, Dirran Creek fish originate from a small, fast-flowing, structurally complex stream lacking predatory fish species, and they showed little ability to distinguish between the different models and responded to threat by spending longer in vegetated areas. Members of the Lake Eacham captive stock increased their EGS in response to models representing low threat and with more threatening models increased the amount of time spent in vegetated regions of the arena. The contrasting reactions to predatory threat displayed by these populations highlights the need to use a number of different response indices when comparing the anti-predator responses of different fish populations. These data suggest that the level of habitat complexity as well as prior predator experience influence anti-predator responses of different fish popu-lations. Received: 2 October 1996 / Accepted after revision: 27 March 1997     

Toward an Understanding of the Development of Ownership Feelings

Psychological ownership is increasingly recognized as a core feeling in the experience of work. Within jobs and the work context, there is a wide range of opportunities to experience psychological ownership. Yet empirical work on how feelings of ownership develop is lacking, and thus ways to develop psychological ownership in the workplace are not well understood. We explore the routes traveled to feelings of ownership by using job complexity as one example of work environment structure that affects the formation of psychological ownership. In two studies, we develop measures of the routes and confirm that perceived differences in one's work meaningfully predict psychological ownership. Collectively, the two studies provide insight into and offer suggestions for how ownership develops and ways in which managers might foster employee feelings of ownership toward their work. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

气候变化下中国粮食和水资源的风险分析

介绍了全球气候变化对环境经济影响的复杂性研究的基本框架及模型,给出了用这些模型对中国经济安全模拟的结果。结果表明,全球气候变化条件下,若不考虑不确定性,中国的粮食安全是可以保证的;若考虑不确定性,则在最严重的情况下,中国未来的粮食生产存在7％－8％的缺口。采用最大强度开源的方法,在全球气候变化和保持原有产业结构的条件下,要实现我国2030年的经济目标是不行的。但是,通过调整产业结构,降低单位产出水耗,在保证水资源安全的条件下则是可行的。     

考虑道路状况的应急配发站启用以及配送优化问题*

为了研究应急物资配发站启用及配送方案优化问题，综合考虑灾难事件下的道路损毁状况、道路复杂程度、需求不确定以及物资拆分配送等特点，以应急物资配发站启用成本、车辆启动成本、运输成本之和最小化为目标，建立应急物资配发站启用及配送模型，设计头脑风暴优化算法，结合算例，对该问题进行仿真，并将结果与遗传算法进行对比，验证模型的可行性和算法的有效性。结果表明，在决策时考虑道路状况能够有效降低系统成本，提高救援效率。     

土地利用/土地覆被变化研究范式的转变

土地利用/土地覆被变化(LUCC)研究的形成和发展经历了从前科学(无范式)到科学(以范式为标志)的历史过程.认识LUCC研究范式及其转变的内涵和实质对其理论和应用的发展与完善具有极为重要的意义,并有助于提高解释和预测能力.本文以库恩的“范式”和“范式转变”为基本脉络,剖析了LUCC研究中的实证主义范式、科学人文主义范式、结构功能主义范式以及复杂性范式,并指出范式及其转变主要在本体论、认识论和方法论三个层面表现出来.实证主义范式强调决定论以及主客体分离,认为应把经验与逻辑分析作为客观地认识现实的基础,它贯穿1UCC不同发展阶段,在初期发挥了重要作用,至今仍主导着LUCC研究；科学人文主义在科学主义或实证主义的基础上强调了人的主体性,修正了它们的片面性；结构功能主义为我们提供了一种可资参考的系统分析方法,在宏观层面的许多重要理论见解和研究方法,值得LUCC研究者关注和借鉴；复杂性范式强调土地系统的非线性、自组织、连通性等特征,为LUCC研究提供了一种新的科学世界观、认识论和方法论,利用复杂性理论研究具有非线性特征的复杂土地系统,体现了当前LUCC研究的范式转变.