Fe (II)活化过硫酸盐处理喹啉工艺参数优化及生物毒性

以喹啉为处理目标物,采用Fe²⁺活化K₂S₂O₈（PS）的高级氧化体系在不同环境因素下降解喹啉.结果表明：与单一PS体系和Fe²⁺体系相比,Fe²⁺/PS体系可以有效降解喹啉.在初始喹啉浓度为250mg/L,喹啉/PS物质的量比为1：10,PS/Fe²⁺物质的量比为3,初始pH3,反应温度为45℃,反应时间为80min的条件下,喹啉降解率可达100%.提高PS和Fe²⁺浓度均能有效提高喹啉降解率,但超过一定限值后对喹啉去除效果不明显.Fe²⁺/PS去除喹啉的过程符合一级反应动力学.溶液初始pH值越高,喹啉去除率越低;反应温度越高,喹啉去除率越高.自由基淬灭实验证实,Fe²⁺活化PS体系中有SO₄^-·和OH·的存在,其中由SO₄^-·产生的OH·对喹啉的降解占主导地位.通过GC/MS检测到2种中间产物8-羟基喹啉和2（1H）-喹啉酮,据此推测基于硫酸根自由基强化喹啉降解的可能路径.大肠杆菌急性毒性实验结果证实,虽然Fe²⁺/PS体系去除喹啉过程中产生了毒性更强的中间产物,但酸性条件和较高的反应温度有利于体系脱毒.     

米糠在微波条件下解毒铬渣中六价铬的研究

铬渣中含有毒性较强的六价铬化合物,其严重污染环境。为探讨米糠解毒铬渣的可行性,以米糠作为解毒铬渣的材料,在微波条件下对铬渣中的六价铬进行解毒实验研究。利用正交实验对铬渣中六价铬的去除条件进行了优化。在此基础上,开展单因素实验进一步研究确定了铬渣中六价铬去除的最佳条件,并对解毒后的含铬米糠是否具有危险废物的浸出毒性进行了探讨。实验结果表明,当米糠与铬渣质量比为2.5:1,微波作用时间为5min,微波功率为900W时铬渣中六价铬的去除率最大,为72.2%,且解毒后米糠中六价铬的浸出较小,低于国家最高允许浓度标准。     

马缨丹对镉的生长响应及其富集、转运和亚细胞分布特点研究

镉是植物非必需且生物毒性最强的重金属元素之一,然而镉富集植物能通过一定的响应机制来减少镉对自身产生的毒害,且不同植物之间镉的解毒机制存在差异。马缨丹（Lantana camara L.）是四川汉源铅锌矿区镉污染土壤的修复植物,但是关于其镉的分布特征和解毒机制并不明确。因此本文采用盆栽模拟试验,分别设置0（对照,不添加镉）、30、90、150、210 mg·kg-1镉5个处理,研究马缨丹对镉的富集、转运及其亚细胞分布特点,探讨马缨丹对镉的耐性和解毒机制,以期为植物耐镉的生理和分子生物学机制提供一定的理论依据。结果表明：镉质量分数低于90 mg·kg-1时对马缨丹生长没有影响,而镉质量分数高于150 mg·kg-1时对马缨丹生长有显著的抑制作用;随着镉质量分数的增加,马缨丹各器官中镉的质量分数逐渐增加,表现为根＞茎＞叶,且其转运系数小于1,表明马缨丹对镉有较强的根部滞留能力,可限制过量的镉向地上部器官的转运,减少镉对地上部的毒害,这可能是马缨丹耐受镉胁迫的机制之一;随着镉质量分数的增加,马缨丹地下部和地上部的镉富集量总体上均呈增加趋势,在210 mg·kg-1镉处理时,均达到最大值,分别为142.8和1031.6μg·plant-1,不同质量分数镉处理下,马缨丹地上部的镉富集量较大,占全株镉富集量的94.0%~88.3%;镉在马缨丹根和叶细胞可溶性组分中的分配比例最高,分别占62.1%~54.2%和59.8%~52.6%,其次在细胞壁中,分别占23.8%~34.4%和28.7%~39.5%,在细胞器和细胞膜中的较低,表明可溶性组分和细胞壁是镉在马缨丹根和叶细胞中的主要分布位点,液泡区隔化和细胞壁固持可能是马缨丹对镉的重要解毒和耐性机制之一。     

Characterization of enzymes responsible for 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) detoxification pathway in lungs of Chinese population: Carbonyl reduction and glucuronidation

4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is one of the most potent carcinogens found in mainstream and sidestream smoke and considered to be a causative agent for lung cancer in active and passive smokers. Carbonyl reduction followed by glucuronidation is considered to be the main detoxification pathway of NNK. Microsomal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD 1) and cytosolic carbonyl reductase (CR) are responsible for NNK carbonyl reduction, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4 (UGT1A4) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) catalyze 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) glucuronidation. To better characterize this pathway, the expression and kinetics of 11β-HSD 1 and CR, as well as the expression of UGT1A4 and UGT2B7, was investigated in lungs of Chinese people. Kinetic studies for 11β-HSD 1 and CR showed that there was large inter-individual variability in the capacity for NNK carbonyl reduction. Compared with cytosol, there was increased catalytic efficiency for NNAL formation in microsomes. The higher activities of both 11β-HSD 1 and CR were observed in lung tissues of males than females. UGT1A4 and UGT2B7 mRNA were detected in lungs from a variety of different patients and wide inter-individual variations were observed. These observations should be useful in improving the risk estimates and prevention of lung cancer for the Chinese population exposed to tobacco smoke.     

Plants growing in a mining area: screening for metal accumulator plants possibly useful for bioremediation

A field study was conducted in an iron mine in Hamedan (Iran) to find native accumulator plants and to evaluate the extent of metal bioaccumulation in the naturally growing vegetation. The concentrations of total As, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Si, and Zn were found to be higher in the mine than in soil. These plants accumulated the highest amounts of the following metals in their roots: Euphorbia cheiradenia As, Stipa barbata Cd, Pb and Cr, Euphorbia macroclada Cu, Centaurea iberica Fe, Reseda lutea Mo, Salvia spinosa Ni and Zn, and Xanthium strumarium Se. In the aerial parts, the highest metal accumulation was found in Epilobium fragilis As, Carthamus oxyacantha Cd, Fe, Mn, and Pb, Verbascum speciosum Cu, Centaurea iberica Mo, Salvia spinosa Ni and Cr, Glaucium grandiflorum Se, and Malva neglecta Zn. Enrichment factors and bioconcentration factors were also determined; C. oxyacantha, S. spinosa, M. neglecta, C. iberica, V. speciosum, G. grandiflorum, and E. fragilis are the most effective accumulators and are proposed for phytoremediation of polluted soils.     

用鼓风炉渣消除铬渣毒性的研究

针对含铬废渣对环境污染大及治理难的特点,提出了以废渣治理废渣的技术,利用鼓风炉渣的还原性以及刚排出时的高温,将铬渣按一定比例与之混合,进行铬渣的解毒处理,并对铬渣的解毒机理进行了理论分析。从实验结果可以看出,当铬渣加入量低于10%时,该技术能够较彻底的将铬渣中的Cr6+进行解毒。     

粮食和水中串珠镰刀菌素的脱毒研究

为预防串珠镰刀菌素对人畜健康的危害提供依据,在提出串珠镰刀菌素可能是克山病的主要病因之后,建立了标准加入法定量测定培养物中毒素含量,在串珠镰刀菌素含量为8.8mg/g时回收率为97.7％。研究串珠镰刀菌素的去毒方法,发现漂白粉对水中串珠镰刀菌素脱毒效果明显,每毫克毒素用1.5mg漂白粉中有效氯即可去除;粮食中脱毒采用5％H₂O₂喷淋效果最佳。这些去毒方法不仅成本低、简便、而且无二次污染。     

敌敌畏对鲫鱼的急性毒性及类球红细菌的解毒作用(Acute Toxicity of Dichlorvos to Carassius auratus and the Detoxification by Rhodobacter sphaeroides)

敌敌畏是使用最为广泛的有机磷农药之一,具有较高的水溶性,对水生动物的危害较大.为初步探讨水体中敌敌畏降解菌对中毒鱼类的解毒作用,测定了敌敌畏对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)幼鱼的急性毒性,调查了一株敌敌畏高效降解菌——类球红细菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides)的解毒作用.结果表明:敌敌畏对鲫鱼幼鱼48、72、96h的LC50分别为45.1、30.4、23.3mg·L-1,安全浓度为2.3mg·L-1,属低毒农药.在不同敌敌畏暴露浓度的养鱼水中添加类球红细菌(5×107CFU·mL-1)可以显著降低鲫鱼的死亡率,20mg·L-1和35mg·L-1敌敌畏暴露浓度下,鲫鱼96h死亡率分别由40%和100%降低至0和15%;利用液相色谱检测了敌敌畏在添加和不添加类球红细菌的养鱼水中的降解规律,发现类球红细菌的解毒作用主要是对水中敌敌畏的快速降解,降解过程中没有积累有毒代谢产物.     

Potential treatments to reduce phorbol esters levels in jatropha seed cake for improving the value added product

Jatropha seed cake contains high amounts of protein and other nutrients, however it has a drawback due to toxic compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the methods applied to detoxify the main toxin, phorbol esters in jatropha seed cake, to a safe and acceptable level by maintaining the nutritional values. Phorbol esters are tetracyclic diterpenoids-polycyclic compounds that are known as tumor promoters and hence exhibited the toxicity within a broad range of species. Mismanagement of the jatropha waste from jatropha oil industries would lead to contamination of the environment, affecting living organisms and human health through the food chain, so several methods were tested for reducing the toxicity of the seed cake. The results from this investigation showed that heat treatments at either 120°C or 220°C for 1 hour and then mixing with adsorbing bentonite (10%), nanoparticles of zinc oxide (100 μg/g) plus NaHCO₃ at 4%, followed by a 4-week incubation period yielded the best final product. The remaining phorbol esters concentration (0.05–0.04 mg/g) from this treatment was less than that reported for the nontoxic jatropha varieties (0.11–0.27 mg/g). Nutritional values of the seed cake after treatment remained at the same levels found in the control group and these values were crude protein (20.47–21.40 + 0.17–0.25%), crude lipid (14.27–14.68 + 0.13–0.14%) and crude fiber (27.33–29.67 + 0.58%). A cytotoxicity test conducted using L929 and normal human dermal fibroblast cell lines confirmed that most of the toxic compounds, especially phorbol esters, were shown as completely eliminated. The results suggested that the detoxification of phorbol esters residues in the jatropha seed cake was possible while it also retained nutritional values. Therefore, the methods to detoxify phorbol esters are necessary to minimize the toxicity of jatropha seed cake. Further, it is essential to reduce the possible environmental impacts that may be generated throughout the jatropha waste-handling process. However additional tests such as digestibility as well as acceptability of the treated jatropha seed cake should be conducted using both in vivo and in vitro studies before recommending the jatropha seed cake as a source of renewable animal feed and other value-added products.     

碳高温还原解毒铬渣中CaCrO4的反应热力学研究

通过热力学分析与计算,确立了采用高温固相还原法,利用冶金废渣M作为还原剂,高温解毒铬渣中CaCrO4的还原反应.对比分析了C、CO对酸溶性CaCrO4与水溶性NazCrO4还原反应的吉布斯自由能和平衡常数变化,探讨了温度、压力对铬渣中CaCrO4还原反应的影响,升高温度、减小体系压力对CaCrO4的高温还原有利.