污染源半定量化的地下水有机污染风险评价

结合细河沿岸地区水文地质条件及地下水有机污染特征,通过AHP法确定权重,建立DRSIC模型,将评价结果与污染源荷载评价叠加,构建研究区有机污染风险评价模型.并通过研究区有机污染特征检验模型的合理性.结果表明:区内大部分地区有机污染风险中等或低.只有细河沿岸、杨士至于洪区一带污染风险处于高水平.评价结果较好的符合研究区有机污染现状.     

金盆水库汛期高浊水径流的潜入及热分层水体水质响应

以西安金盆水库为研究对象,在汛期通过对河流区至库区的水温、浊度、DO和营养盐等水质指标进行连续监测,探究降雨径流的潜入规律及热分层水体水质动态响应特性.结果表明:在外界气温变化条件下,水库出现季节性热分层现象.汛期径流的汇入导致下温跃层消亡,热分层稳定性减弱;汛期径流水体携带大量颗粒态营养盐物质和泥沙以异重流形式潜入,其流态从过渡区的底层潜流向主库区间层流转变,潜入初期间层流厚度达20m.降雨早期异重流的潜入导致中下层水体的TN、TP、TOC显著增加,水体平均TN、TP、TOC、浊度最高分别超出平时0.2,2,0.6,16倍,水质呈现短时高污染负荷.底层潜流水体水温较高,大量沉降于沉积物中的颗粒态污染物分解速率加快,內源污染负荷进一步提高,底层水体中TN、TP、TOC浓度高达1.88,0.05,4.6mg/L;汛期可通过分层取水方案和排放高浊水来保障供水安全.     

Cadmium uptake by different rice genotypes that produce white or dark grains

IntroductionCadmium(Cd)isanon essentialtracemetalthathasadverseeffectsonplants,animalsandhumans.EnvironmentalcontaminationwithCdduetoanthropogenicactivities,suchasmining,industry,agricultureandwastedisposalhasbeenincreasingsincethebeginningofthe 2 0thcentury (Alloway,1995) .ResearchoncontrollingCdpollutionassociatedwithassessingandmanagingacuteinjurytohumanhealththroughoccupationalexposureanddisposalofCdfromindustrialpointsourcestolocalpopulationsthroughseveralpathwayshasmadeconsiderableadva…     

生物修复在治理土壤污染中的应用

从植物、微生物的角度说明了生物修复的作用,综述了生物修复在国内外取得的进展,介绍了已经发现的超富集植物、微生物与植物协同修复机理,并对今后的研究工作提出了建议。     

A simple and effective approach for detecting maternal cell contamination in molecular prenatal diagnosis

The presence of maternal cells in fetal samples constitutes a serious potential source for prenatal misdiagnosis. Here we present our approach for detecting maternal cell contamination (MCC) at prenatal diagnosis for eight monogenic disorders (autosomal recessive: β-thalassaemia, sickle-cell anaemia, cystic fibrosis, prelingual deafness; autosomal dominant: achondroplasia, Huntington disease, myotonic dystrophy, neurofibromatosis type I; X-linked: spinobulbar muscular atrophy). Our aim was to apply a simple and low-cost approach, which would easily and accurately provide information on the fetal tissue MCC status. MCC testing was applied to cases of recessive inheritance where the primary mutation screening of the fetus revealed the presence of the maternal mutation, to cases concerning dominant inheritance and to cases of multiple gestation. The potential presence of maternal cells was determined by the amplification of the 3′-HVR/APO B, D1S80, THO1 and VNTRI of vWf polymorphic loci, which have previously demonstrated high heterozygosity in Caucasians. Among 135 prenatal diagnoses, 44 finally needed to be tested for MCC (32.6%). MCC was detected in four cases, where DNA was isolated directly from chorionic villi samples (CVS), and in one case with DNA isolated directly from amniotic fluid (AF). In almost 90% of cases a simple test of one polymorphic locus provided sufficient information about MCC. The choice of the appropriate locus is therefore essential, while the simultaneous screening of both parents provides the means for distinguishing non-informative sites about MCC. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Policy and Science Implications of the Framing and Qualities of Uncertainty in Risks: Toxic and Beneficial Fish from the Baltic Sea

Policy and research issues in the framing and qualities of uncertainties in risks are analyzed, based on the assessments of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) and other ingredients in Baltic Sea fish, a high-profile case of governance. Risks are framed broadly, to then focus on dioxins and beneficial fatty acids, fish consumption, human health, and science-management links. Hierarchies of uncertainty (data, model, decision rule, and epistemic) and ambiguity (of values) are used to identify issues of scientific and policy contestation and opportunities for resolving them. The associated complexity of risks is illustrated by risk–benefit analyses of fish consumption and by evaluations of guideline values, highlighting value contents and policy factors in presumably scientific decision criteria, and arguments used in multi-dimensional risk and benefit comparisons. These comparisons pose challenges to narrow assessments centered, for e.g., on toxicants or on food benefits, and to more many-sided and balanced risk communication and management. It is shown that structured and contextualized treatment of uncertainties and ambiguities in a reflexive approach can inform balances between wide and narrow focus, detail and generality, and evidence and precaution.     

DNA damage in caged Gammarus fossarum amphipods: a tool for freshwater genotoxicity assessment

The aim of this study was to propose a tool for freshwater environmental genotoxicity assessment using Gammarus fossarum, a high ecologically relevant species. In a first part, gammarids were caged upstream and downstream wastewater treatment plant effluent output. The sensitivity of genotoxic responses of haemocytes, oocytes and spermatozoa was compared using the Comet assay. Spermatozoa appeared to be the most sensitive, suitable and relevant cell type for genotoxicity risk assessment. In a second part, a watershed-scale study was conducted over 2 years to evaluate the applicability of our caging procedure. The genotoxic impact of a contamination was followed, taking into account seasonal variability. DNA damage in spermatozoa exhibited low basal level and low variability in control upstream sites, providing a reliable discrimination of polluted sites. Finally, DNA damage in caged G. fossarum has been proved to be a sensitive and reproducible tool for freshwater genotoxicity assessment.     

放射性污染的危害及防护措施

环境巾的各种放射性污染都能影响人类健康。介绍了放射性污染性质、来源和特点,重点介绍了各种影响人类生活的放射性污染。和环境中的其他污染小同,它不易察觉,但容易在人体中积累,人们要关注放射性污染,对它有一个科学的认识,才能保护自身的健康。     

西部某机械加工企业酸洗场地环境调查与污染特征分析

以西北高原地区某铁塔厂酸洗车间为重点区,对场地开展系统的环境调查,结果表明：该场地以重金属锌污染为主要污染因子,场地内土壤Zn浓度范围13.68~68 800 mg·kg-1,局部区域土壤pH异常、土壤Fe含量和Cl-浓度升高现象;土壤Zn污染垂向迁移深,多数点位Zn污染（Zn含量超过200~500 mg·kg-1）深度达10 m以上,少数点位污染深度达15 m以下,其中北区酸池5 m以内、南区酸池3 m以内和下水管道及两侧区域3~10 m深度范围内为重污染;场地土壤pH异常范围与锌污染范围一致,土壤Cl-浓度和Fe浓度与Zn浓度具有相关性,可作为判断土壤锌污染程度和范围的辅助因子;现场速测的Zn含量与实验室总量测定结果一致性强,在pH异常区域的现场速测pH值与实验室测定结果的一致性较好,现场速测结果可作为污染表征的基础依据。推测酸池泄漏、含重金属洗液长期下渗和工业废水的直接排放为场地污染主要原因。     

土壤中铬电动修复过程及影响因素

实验筛选出阳极pH、阴极pH、电压梯度、电极形状4种影响因素,以黏土为研究对象,设计正交实验和对比实验研究铬的电动修复过程。结果表明,最重要的影响因素为电压梯度,其他影响因素重要性排序为阳极pH、阴极pH、电极形状;在电压梯度为1.5 V·cm-1下,以去离子水作为电解质,分别控制阴极和阳极pH在11和3,取得很好的去除效果,144 h后铬迁移率达到80.9%。总铬和六价铬分布规律类似,从阳极到阴极呈现逐渐下降的趋势。经过电动修复后土壤中水溶态铬比例减少,可氧化态和残渣态比例增大。铬电动修复控制系统在微电流范围内可取得很好的去除效果。