Trees and rural households’ adaptation to local environmental change in the central highlands of Ethiopia

This study assesses the role of trees in adaptation strategies of rural households to local environmental change in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Change in tree cover was assessed by producing Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) maps using satellite remote sensing images, and household survey was conducted to generate socioeconomic data. The results show that tree cover has increased over the last 30 years, mostly in the form of eucalyptus woodlots around homesteads. Eucalyptus reportedly helps households pass through livelihood shocks and provide protection against negative effects of climate change and variability. Despite some concerns on the part of local agricultural experts that planting eucalyptus may affect future food production, farmers are converting their croplands into eucalyptus woodlots. We conclude that land use planning and proper allocation of land resource is important to improve local livelihoods while also supporting adaptation of communities to local environmental change in general and climate change in particular.     

黔西北茶园土壤活性铝的形态分布及影响因素

土壤中各形态活性铝的质量分数决定了铝毒性的强弱,为了解茶园土壤中活性铝的形态分布及其影响因素,以采集于贵州西北部的106个茶园土壤样品为材料,采用化学连续提取法测定土壤中各形态活性铝的质量分数并分析其影响因素. 结果表明:不同类型土壤中w(Tac-Al)(Tac-Al为活性铝)表现为黄壤＞黄棕壤＞棕壤＞褐土;土壤中各形态活性铝质量分数分布略有差异,表现为w(Hy-Al)(Hy-Al为铝的水合氧化物与氢氧化物)＞w(Ha-Al)(Ha-Al为腐殖酸螯合态铝)＞w(Ex-Al)(Ex-Al为可交换态铝)＞w(Or-Al) (Or-Al为有机结合态铝)＞w(In-Al) (In-Al为无机吸附态铝),其中,结合较稳定的Hy-Al和Ha-Al占优势,二者质量分数之和在w(Tac-Al)中所占比例接近70.0%. 相关性分析显示,土壤中各形态活性铝质量分数之间均呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),其中,w(Hy-Al)与w(Tac-Al)之间的R高达0.975(P＜0.01),接近线性关系;w(Tac-Al)随着土壤pH的降低而升高,随着w(有机质)的增加而增大. 因此,土壤中w(Tac-Al)并不由w(总Al)决定,而是受土壤pH和w(有机质)等因素的综合影响.      

巨枝人工林灌木层优势种的种间联结性分析

种间联结的研究对于人工林群落的生物多样性保育和可持续经营与管理具有重要的意义,目前对巨桉人工林灌木层物种之间的作用关系知之甚少。根据野外60个样方的调查数据,运用x^2检验、Jaccard指数和Spearman秩相关系数研究了巨桉（Eucalyptusgrandis）人工林灌木层18个优势种的种间关联和相关关系。结果表明,灌木层优势种具有总体上的正联结性,但在153个种对中,具有显著正联结性的种对数约占总种对数的10％,绝大数种对表现为弱联结性或无联结性,种间关系较为松散,表明巨桉林下灌木种群具有相对独立分布的特性。研究种间关系时,种间关联结合种间相关得出的结果较好。根据分析结果将18个优势种划分为4个生态种组,生态种组内的种其资源利用方式和生态要求相似,而组间表现出明显的差异。生态种组的划分能为巨桉人工林林下灌木层的管理提供理论依据。     

海南热带橡胶园土壤易氧化有机碳空间变异特征研究

为了解热带橡胶园土壤活性有机碳状况,采集了海南全岛13个不同胶园土壤,用高锰酸钾氧化-比色法测定了土壤易氧化有机碳质量分数,分析了其影响因素。结果表明,海南橡胶园土壤易氧化有机碳质量分数平均为2.70 g.kg-1（以C计）,变化在0.92~6.82 g.kg-1之间,变幅达到641%。易氧化有机碳质量分数与土壤有机质、全磷和全氮显著正相关,同时受成土母质的强烈影响,玄武岩发育的土壤最有利于易氧化有机碳累积,砂页岩和花岗岩次之,而变质岩和浅海沉积物形成的土壤易氧化有机碳质量分数较低。土壤易氧化有机碳质量分数也受气候强烈影响,随湿度降低而下降。     

不同栽杉代数根际土壤肥力及生物学特性变化

通过对位于南平溪后安曹下和邓窠２９ａ龄１代、２代、３代实生杉木的根际养分、微生物、酶及生化活性的为期２ａ的研究,结果表明：随杉木连栽代数增加,根际微域土壤酸化趋势增强,有机质和全氮沉积量下降,速效性养分亏缺程度减弱,根际土壤中三大类微生物所占的比例发生一定的变化,真菌和放线菌所占比例增加,细菌所占比例减少,生理类群数量下降,除接触酶活性变化不大外,其它土壤酶和生化活性均有明显下降,体现了杉木多代连栽根际土壤的基本特征;亦是杉木连栽导致地力衰退重要原因之一     

不同植茶年限土壤氮素组分变化及其与环境因子关系

茶园土壤氮素组分变化影响茶园土壤供氮能力和氮素循环.以植茶30、50和70 a的茶园土壤为研究对象,探讨不同植茶年限土壤氮素组分变化特征及其与理化性质和酶活性之间的关系.结果表明：①随着植茶年限的增加,粉粒、全磷、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性逐渐增加,砂粒、黏粒、pH、电导率、有机碳和蔗糖酶活性逐渐降低,碱性磷酸酶活性先增加后降低,土壤含水量和酸性磷酸酶活性无显著变化.②随着植茶年限的增加,酸解性铵态氮、氨基酸态氮和硝态氮含量显著增加,且茶园土壤全氮、酸解性铵态氮、未知态氮和非酸解氮含量显著高于林地.③全磷、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶是土壤氮素组分变化的主要影响因子.其中,有机氮组分与全磷、碱性磷酸酶活性具有显著相关性,无机氮组分与碱性磷酸酶活性具有显著相关性,全氮与砂粒、粉粒、全磷、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性具有极显著的相关性.     

Using historical ecology to reassess the conservation status of coniferous forests in Central Europe

Forests cover approximately one‐third of Central Europe. Oak (Quercus) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) are considered the natural dominants at low and middle elevations, respectively. Many coniferous forests (especially of Picea abies) occur primarily at midelevations, but these are thought to have resulted from forestry plantations planted over the past 200 years. Nature conservation and forestry policy seek to promote broadleaved trees over conifers. However, there are discrepancies between conservation guidelines (included in Natura 2000) and historical and palaeoecological data with regard to the distribution of conifers. Our aim was to bring new evidence to the debate on the conservation of conifers versus broadleaved trees at midelevations in Central Europe. We created a vegetation and land‐cover model based on pollen data for a highland area of 11,300 km² in the Czech Republic and assessed tree species composition in the forests before the onset of modern forestry based on 18th‐century archival sources. Conifers dominated the study region throughout the entire Holocene (approximately 40–60% of the area). Broadleaved trees were present in a much smaller area than envisaged by current ideas of natural vegetation. Rather than casting doubt on the principles of Central European nature conservation in general, our results highlight the necessity of detailed regional investigations and the importance of historical data in challenging established notions on the natural distribution of tree species.     

论炼山对杉木人工林生态系统影响的利弊及对策

随着杉木人工林面积的不断扩大,杉木人工林地力衰退问题日益严重,而炼山是导致杉木人工林地力衰退的主要原因之一。本文在国家“七五”攻关子课题《炼山对杉木幼林生态系统影响机理及计量评价研究》连续１０ａ定位研究成果的基础上,对国内外有关炼山对采伐剩余物、水土流失、土壤肥力、杉木生长影响等问题进行全面阐述,同时对炼山利弊问题进行归纳与总结,并提出相应对策,这对变革传统杉木经营制度、可持续利用南方山地资源具有重大指导意义。     

浅谈企业防污绿化

本世纪五十年代以来，对企业绿色赋有防污的要求，本文地防污绿化的概念及要求进行了论述，为工矿的绿化工作提供了科学依据。     

Genetic and Environmental Effects Assessment in Scots Pine Provenances Planted in Central Siberia

Scots pine provenance trials were established in 1964 in forest-steppe and in 1974 in southern taiga zones of Central Siberia from seeds collected over whole Russia. Tree-ring characteristics (radial growth and density chronologies) from 12 and 16 provenances planted in those plantations were measured densitometrically. Tree-ring analysis revealed a retention of a genetically fixed response to climatic factors proper to pines' origin. Trees from higher latitudes keep the orientation towards accelerated growth at the beginning of a growing season, which is followed by a rapid transition to formation of latewood cells and deceleration of growth earlier, than in medium-latitude trees. Main climatic factors controlling tree-rings formation differed slightly between different provenances within plantations. Genetically fixed ability of the provenances are not great (less than 15%), that proves high adaptability of pines to abrupt climatic change. Tree-ring formation of Scots pine provenances is mainly determined by the environmental factors.