Accelerated degradation of a variety of aromatic compounds by Spirodela polyrrhiza-bacterial associations and contribution of root exudates released from S. polyrrhiza

Removal experiments of phenol,aniline,2,4-dichlorophenol,nonylphenol and bisphenol A(BPA) using Spirodela polyrrhizabacterial associations revealed that all compounds but BPA underwent accelerated removal.The mechanisms differed depending on the substrates.It was found that S.polyrrhiza has a great ability to release phenolic compound-rich root exudates,and the exudates seem to stimulate bacterial degradation of a variety of aromatic compounds.     

大豆根边缘细胞对土荆芥组培根分泌物的响应

运用组织培养技术和悬空气培养法,研究了大豆根边缘细胞对土荆芥组培根分泌物的响应。结果表明：在土荆芥组培根分泌物作用下,随处理浓度的升高和处理时间的延长,边缘细胞数量和存活率持续下降。游离的根边缘细胞周围聚集了一些颗粒状物质,根边缘细胞可能螯合土荆芥根系分泌物。土荆芥根系分泌物能促进根冠果胶甲基酯酶活性上调,但是随着处理浓度增大和处理时间延长,这种促进效应降低。这些结果表明土荆芥组培根分泌物对大豆根边缘细胞具有一定的胁迫效应,根边缘细胞通过加速死亡并分泌一些活性物质螯合土荆芥根系分泌物,可在一定范围内缓解根系分泌物的毒害作用。     

镉胁迫对续断菊Sonchus asper L.Hill.根系分泌物的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同Cd质量分数（0、50、100、200 mg.kg-1）对续断菊Sonchus asper L.Hill.根系分泌总有机酸、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖的影响,旨在探明根系分泌物对续断菊超积累Cd的影响。结果表明：Cd胁迫下续断菊根系分泌总有机酸、游离氨基酸和可溶性糖的质量浓度显著增加,同时,总有机酸、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸又促进了植株对Cd的吸收。随着Cd处理质量分数的增加,续断菊地上部和根部镉质量分数显著增加,90 d时续断菊地上部镉质量分数与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸的质量浓度呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.999（P〈0.01）和0.995（P〈0.01）,根部镉质量分数与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸的质量浓度也呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.998（P〈0.01）和0.987（P〈0.05）;Cd对续断菊根系可溶性糖的分泌、游离氨基酸的合成有刺激作用,根系分泌的可溶性糖和游离氨基酸可能在续断菊累积镉的过程中有重要作用。     

生物有机肥对香蕉枯萎病及根系分泌物的影响

生物有机肥通过调节微生物群落多样性来改善土壤生态环境,而根际微生物生态环境变化取决于根系分泌物的种类和数量.研究通过盆栽试验和离位溶液培养法研究了生物有机肥对香蕉枯萎病及香蕉根系分泌物的影响.结果表明,生物有机肥对香蕉枯萎病的防病效果高于有机肥和不施肥处理,生物有机肥和有机肥防病效果分别达到55.4%和28.5%;香蕉根系分泌物中低分子量有机酸包括草酸、苹果酸和反丁烯二酸,以草酸为主,ρ(草酸)占ρ(有机酸总量)的百分比为83.6%~93.0%;生物有机肥比有机肥更显著降低香蕉根系分泌物中ρ(苹果酸)、ρ(反丁烯二酸)和ρ(有机酸总量),不同处理处理根系分泌物的ρ(有机酸)依次为:有机肥>生物有机肥>不施肥;生物有机肥处理的氨基酸种类和质量浓度最大,有机肥次之,生物有机肥处理中根系分泌物的ρ(γ-氨基丁酸)、ρ(β-丙氨酸)、ρ(a-氨基丁酸)、ρ(谷氨酸)、ρ(天冬氨酸)和ρ(磷酸丝氨酸)均显著高于有机肥和不施肥处理;生物有机肥处理的主要氨基酸[各氨基酸质量浓度占ρ(氨基酸总量)的百分比大于5%]有磷酸丝氨酸、苏氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸、乙醇氨和肌肽,其中ρ(磷酸丝氨酸)和ρ(γ-氨基丁酸)显著高于不施肥和有机肥处理;香蕉枯萎病病情指数与ρ(磷酸丝氨酸)、ρ(丝氨酸)、ρ(异亮氨酸)呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.99、-0.98和-0.95,与ρ(鹅肌肽)呈极显著正相关,相关系数为1.00.生物有机肥降低了根系分泌物中有机酸的质量浓度,增加了氨基酸的种类和质量浓度,且香蕉枯萎病病情指数与根系分泌物中一些氨基酸质量浓度存在显著相关性,这可能是生物有机肥在香蕉枯萎病防治中起作用的原因之一.     

Naturally-assisted metal phytoextraction by Brassica carinata: Role ofroot exudates

Due to relatively high chelant dosages and potential environmental risks it is necessary to explore different approaches in the remediation of metal-contaminated soils. The present study focussed on the removal of metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) from a multiple metal-contaminated soil by growing Brassica carinata plants in succession to spontaneous metallicolous populations of Pinus pinaster, Plantago lanceolata and Silene paradoxa. The results showed that the growth of the metallicolous populations increased the extractable metal levels in the soil, which resulted in a higher accumulation of metals in the above-ground parts of B. carinata. Root exudates of the three metallicolous species were analysed to elucidate their possible role in the enhanced metal availability. The presence of metals stimulated the exudation of organic and phenolic acids as well as flavonoids. It was suggested that root exudates played an important role in solubilising metals in soil and in favouring their uptake by roots.     

Dissolution of different zinc salts and Zn uptake by Sedum alfredii and maize in mono- and co-cropping under hydroponic culture

Previous soil pot and field experiments demonstrated that co-cropping the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii with maize increased Zn phytoextraction by S. alfredii and decreased Zn uptake by maize shoots. This hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate whether the facilitation of Zn phytoextraction by S. alfredii resulted from improved dissolution in this co-cropping system and its relation to root exudates. S. alfredii and maize were mono-and co-cropped (without a root barrier) in nutrient solution spiked with four Zn compounds, ZnS, ZnO, Zn3(PO4)2 and 5ZnO·2CO3·4H2O (represented as ZnCO3 ) at 1000 mg/L Zn for 15 days without renewal of nutrient solution after pre-culture. The root exudates were collected under incomplete sterilization and analyzed. The results indicated that the difference in Zn salts had a greater influence on the Zn concentration in maize than for S. alfredii, varying from 210-2603 mg/kg for maize shoots and 6445-12476 mg/kg for S. alfredii in the same order: ZnCO3 > ZnO >Zn3(PO4)2 > ZnS. For the four kinds of Zn sources in this experiment, co-cropping with maize did not improve Zn phytoextraction by S. alfredii. In most cases, compared to co-cropped and mono-cropped maize, mono-cropped S. alfredii resulted in the highest Zn2+ concentration in the remaining nutrient solution, and also had a higher total concentration of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA) and lower pH of root exudation. Root exudates did partly influence Zn hyperaccumulation in S. alfredii.     

The plant-enhanced bio-cathode: Root exudates and microbial community for nitrogen removal

A plant bio-electrochemical system(PBES) was constructed for organic pollutant removal and power generation. The bio-cathode, composed of granular activated carbon(GAC), stainless wire mesh and a plant species(Triticum aestivum L.), was able to catalyze cathodic reactions without any requirement for aeration or power input. During the 60-day-long operation, an average voltage of 516 m V(1000 Ω) and maximum power density(Pmax) of 0.83 W/m~3 were obtained in the PBES. The total nitrogen removal and total organic carbon removal in the PBES were 85% and 97%, respectively. Microbial community analyses indicated that bacteria associated with power generation and organic removal were the predominant species in the bio-cathode, and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria were also found in the PBES. The results suggested that the coupling of plants with the GAC cathode may enhance the organicmatter degradation and energy generation from wastewater and therefore provide a new method for bio-cathode design and promote energy efficiency.     

芘胁迫对5种羊茅属植物根系分泌的几类低分子量有机物的影响

根系分泌物与有机污染物的植物修复过程密切相关,研究胁迫条件下不同修复潜力植物根系分泌物的释放特征有助于揭示植物修复的内在机制.借助根际袋土培试验研究了芘胁迫(10~160 mg·kg~(-1))下5种羊茅属植物在不同胁迫期(30~70d)时根系分泌物中几种低分子量有机物的释放特征.结果表明:1芘胁迫促进了根系对可溶性糖的分泌:随着胁迫水平的升高、胁迫期的延长,其分泌量呈"先升后降"变化趋势,胁迫水平为C3(40.36 mg·kg~(-1))、胁迫期为40 d时达到最大值;修复潜力越大,趋势越明显.2芘胁迫增强了根系对低分子量有机酸的释放,修复潜力越大,释放高峰值出现时的胁迫浓度越高,且主要以草酸、乙酸、乳酸和苹果酸为主(98.15%),但修复潜力较强物种的根系分泌物中也检测到微量反丁烯二酸.3芘胁迫对氨基酸的种类影响不大,但对分泌量影响较大:苏氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸的分泌量随着胁迫水平的升高而剧增;脯氨酸、羟脯氨酸和天冬氨酸对芘胁迫的响应近乎以功能群的形式参与植物修复过程,参与的组分越多,修复潜力越强.可见,芘胁迫下根系分泌物中可溶性糖、低分子量有机酸以及氨基酸的释放特征与植物自身的修复潜力有关;修复潜力越强,释放量越多且成分越复杂,并表现出更强的环境适应性及生理可塑性.     

狼尾草根系分泌物对黑土吸附阿特拉津的影响研究

采用批量平衡试验方法,研究狼尾草根系分泌物对黑土吸附阿特拉津的影响.结果用Evolich方程(R2>0.97)和准二级动力学模型(R2>0.99)进行拟合,两者都表现出较好拟合度.用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程描述土壤吸附阿特拉津的过程,其中,Freundlich方程拟合结果较好(R2>0.91),而Langmuir方程中R2<0.60,加入狼尾草根系分泌物后,吸附平衡常数Kf明显减小,参数1/n增大到1左右,属于较难吸附,表明狼尾草根系分泌物对阿特拉津可能有抑制作用,且根系分泌物浓度不同,影响程度不同.     

接种Penicilliumsp.和根际分泌物对土壤甲磺隆的协同降解研究

通过接种Penicillium sp.和模拟小麦根际环境的方法,研究了甲磺隆在Penicillium sp.和小麦根际分泌物协同作用下的生物降解特性.结果表明,根系分泌物丰富了土著微生物和外源微生物,对甲磺隆的降解具有显著的促进作用.接种Penicillium sp.的根际土壤中甲磺隆降解半衰期为8.6 d,其降解速率是接种Penicillium sp.的非根际土壤的1.8倍,是普通根际土壤的2.7倍.继续追加甲磺隆的试验表明,接种菌株Penicillium sp.对甲磺隆的降解具有可持续性.