湖南蝶类研究

湖南蝶类共有158种,区系组成以东洋成分为主体,其次为东洋与古北共有成分.建议在4个方面加强利用研究,以促进湖南经济发展.表1,参6.     

马达加斯加森林开发

砍伐森林不是一种新现象．在这项研究中，一些数据用来表示马达加斯加在不同方面对森林开发和利用．基于本文研究的目的，我们定义了主要开发用法，譬如非法木材业，灌木火，耕种和燃料采伐．结果表明，那些测量的数据非常重要以致于引起我们足够的重视，而且数据表明在今后几年中森林砍伐量将达到最大值．     

Putting Longline Bycatch of Sea Turtles into Perspective

Abstract:  Although some sea turtle populations are showing encouraging signs of recovery, others continue to decline. Reversing population declines requires an understanding of the primary factor(s) that underlie this persistent demographic trend. The list of putative factors includes direct turtle and egg harvest, egg predation, loss or degradation of nesting beach habitat, fisheries bycatch, pollution, and large-scale changes in oceanographic conditions and nutrient availability. Recently, fisheries bycatch, in particular bycatch from longline fisheries, has received increased attention and has been proposed as a primary source of turtle mortality. We reviewed the existing data on the relative impact of longline bycatch on sea turtle populations. Although bycatch rates from individual longline vessels are extremely low, the amount of gear deployed by longline vessels suggests that cumulative bycatch of turtles from older age classes is substantial. Current estimates suggest that even if pelagic longlines are not the largest single source of fisheries-related mortality, longline bycatch is high enough to warrant management actions in all fleets that encounter sea turtles. Nevertheless, preliminary data also suggest that bycatch from gillnets and trawl fisheries is equally high or higher than longline bycatch with far higher mortality rates. Until gillnet and trawl fisheries are subject to the same level of scrutiny given to pelagic longlines, our understanding of the overall impact of fisheries bycatch on vulnerable sea turtle populations will be incomplete.     

铝镁粉加工过程中的清洁生产项目——超细粉回收利用

通过对铝镁粉加工过程中进行的清洁生产审核,实施了超细粉尘回收利用这一典型的清洁生产项目,良好而有效地控制和预防了污染物的产生,实现了环境效益与经济效益有机结合,并取得了很好的效果。     

祁连山空中云水资源开发利用效益预测与评估

利用社会效益、经济效益和生态效益3 个方面25 项指标, 建立了空中云水资源开发利用综 合效益的评价体系。同时对祁连山区人工增雨对径流的影响作了预估, 在此基础上, 对祁连山云水 资源开发利用后山前走廊各流域水资源状况及社会经济状况进行了合理的预测。最后, 选用其中 11 项指标, 并运用层次分析法对祁连山空中云水资源开发利用效益进行了评价。结果表明: 祁连山 空中云水资源开发利用对山前走廊的社会、经济、生态等效益均显著增加, 祁连山区通过人工增雨, 降水增加10%时, 河西地区综合效益将提高5.3%, 降水增加20%时, 综合效益提高12.5%。     

沙漠绿洲的开发与环境变化的相互影响

干旱区的农业活动、特别是沙漠绿洲的开发,改变了地-气系统的能量交换。几年来的沙漠绿洲气候与防风林的研究、气候资料的分析和实地考察表明,中国西部干旱区最近４３年来的沙漠绿洲开发已改变着那里的局地气候环境,使其向有利于人类和农业的方向发展着。在沙漠绿洲的开发利用与局地环境变化之间,存在着两种截然相反的反馈作用：环境变好→绿洲发展→环境更好→绿洲再发展;环境恶化→绿洲退化→环境更坏→绿洲再退化,甚至消失。决定这两种反馈作用的是大环境的变迁和绿洲开发利用中是否合理利用资源和按自然规律办事。     

辽河三角洲的自然资源与区域开发

辽河三角洲有丰富的地上和地下资源，是农业综合开发和油田建设的重点地区。其区域资源开发以油田、稻田、苇田和虾田开发为核心，在土地利用主要做到全面规划与统筹兼顾；对淡水资源不足的问题要从开源与节流两方面来进行解决；对河口湿地景观生态系统要注意保护，发挥业已建立的自然保护区的功能；对河口湾水产资源更要加强保护与培育。     

关于山东农村自然资源的条件分析及其合理开发利用对策研究

本文从宏观角度,在分析山东农村自然资源有利条件、不利因素及存在问题基础上,确定了山东农村发展的基本指导思想和步骤,提出了合理开发利用农村自然资源的主要战略对策。     

积极开发“城市矿山” 全面协调发展循环经济

从金属资源回收循环利用出发,把城市比喻成为一座储有优良矿产资源的＂城市矿山＂加以开发,寻求矿物资源,是经济社会可持续发展的必然选择。＂城市矿山＂比天然形成的真正矿山更具开发价值,关键是如何科学有序、有效地开发＂城市矿山＂,需要国家有关部门指导、规划和资金投入的支持。     

The market and shadow value of informal fish catch: a framework and application to Panama

Fisheries catches are known to be widely underreported, and much of their value flows in informal markets. Goods and services that are not directly sold in a market also have a corresponding economic value, here termed ‘shadow value’, which can apply to discarded fish—or those that are consumed but not sold (e.g., subsistence catches). Here, we estimate the monetary value of fisheries catches in Panama that are landed but not reported, or that are discarded at sea; this includes catches from artisanal and industrial fleets, as well as recreational and subsistence fisheries. Based on available data, we estimate that the market and shadow value of unreported catches in Panama in 2010 was around US$92 million, equal to approximately 43% of the total reported landed value. In the case of discarded fish, the shadow value represents the potential but entirely unrealized economic benefit of landing such fish; in the case of unreported landings, unreported market value represents only the first link in the potentially sophisticated informal seafood economy. One must be careful in considering these results for policy. It is possible that, rather than seeking to capture these ‘lost’ benefits, fish that are discarded or unreported should not have been caught at all, for example, if they are juveniles or of threatened species; conversely, unreported subsistence catches are crucial for food security throughout the world. These results help contextualize the scale of unreported fisheries in economic terms, and can inform subsequent policies and strategies to ensure social, ecological, and economic sustainability.