Changes in carbonyl index and average molecular weight on embrittlement of enhanced-photodegradable polyethylenes

Weathering behavior of two types of enhanced-photodegradable polyethylenes was studied using FTIR spectroscopy, tensile property changes, and gel-permeation chromatography to monitor structural changes accompanying photodegradation. Changes in elongation at break and carbonyl index during degradation showed a strong correlation with the average molecular weight of the polymers. At the point of embrittlement, the highest extent of degradation measured using tensile properties, the number-average molecular weights for both polymers were in the 10⁴ g/mol range. Facile biodegradation is not expected of polyethylenes of this degree of polymerization.     

Assessment of the quality of the air in the city of Palermo through chemical and cell analyses on Pinus needles

The influence of air pollution on the chemical composition of Pinus sp. needles was examined in polluted and control sites in and around the city of Palermo (Sicily). The chemical composition of needles indicated the extent of contamination of the trees, which were cytologically examined. Cell analysis was carried out on pine samples, including needles and pollens, from 15 different locations. Biostructural and spectrophotometric tests were performed. In particular, concentrations of toxic (Cd, Pb) and non-toxic metals (Fe,Cu, Zn) were determined, as well as injury caused by their accumulation in the needles. The more highly urbanised areas showed higher concentrations of metals (Pb, Cu. Zn, Fe); only the concentrations of Cd and Mn turned out to be constant in all the sites. Cell analysis revealed displasic cells and secondary metabolite accumulations in trees from polluted sites. These changes observed were most likely caused by the toxic effect of pollutants.     

冷原子荧光法测定汞的实验条件的探讨

通过对冷原子荧光法测定水中汞的实验条件的探讨，指出水样在采集，保存，所用实验容器，实验试剂，实验预处理，仪器使用等方面应注意的问题，从而保证实验结果的准确性，可靠性。     

蒸馏-乙基化GC-CVAFS法测定天然水体中的甲基汞

建立了一种基于蒸馏-乙基化结合气相色谱(GC)-冷原子荧光(CVAFS)测定天然水体中甲基汞的分析方法.水样中甲基汞经蒸馏后与四乙基硼化钠反应生成挥发性的甲基乙基汞,由氮气吹扫捕集于Tenax管,然后由GC-CVAFS测定.该方法的回收率为88.2%～108.4%,平均相对标准偏差为5.4%.45mL水样测定的最低检出限为0.009ng/L.     

三段式硝化型生物接触氧化反应器的启动及特性

采用实际生活污水,研究了三段式串联的硝化型生物接触氧化反应器的挂膜启动及各段的硝化特性.试验结果表明:利用中间沉淀池出水作为生物接触氧化反应器的进水进行自然挂膜,在无需投加接种污泥的情况下,20d挂膜成熟,NH4+-N的去除率达到98%以上.反应器中随着沿程推流,三段的生物量和生物膜厚度逐渐降低,最大的生物量和生物膜厚度分别为1271.25mg/L和119.45μm.分析各段的硝化特性,发现三段在低温15℃条件下仍具有较高的比硝化速率,并且在同一温度下(15,23,32℃),第2、3段的比硝化速率均大于第1段.针对上述现象,根据比耗氧速率SOUR粗略估计了AOB和NOB在各段中的相对比例.3段AOB的百分比分别为(25.64+4.89)%, (34.59+5.02)%, (42.50+1.57)%,而NOB的百分比为(23.52+3.35)%, (39.65+4.26)%, (40.69+2.19)%. 此外,系统运行125d的FISH结果表明,3段的微生物菌群分布确实存在差异.与第1段相比,后2段的AOB和NOB更容易成为优势菌.     

Effect of long-term application of corn stalks and inorganic fertilizers on fluorescence characteristics of water extractable organic matter in a meadow black soil of northeast China

ABSTRACT

Returning crop residues into fields, either alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer, is considered as a practical way to enhance soil fertility. However, information concerning the effects of crop residues and inorganic fertilizer application on water extractable organic matter (WEOM) in soil is scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the 10-year effect of corn residue (CR) return with or without the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer on the quantity and quality of WEOM in a black soil of northeast China by means of ultraviolet absorbance, fluorescence excitation--emission matrix, and derived spectroscopic indices. The application of NPK fertilizers and CR, alone or together, increased the content of total soil organic carbon (SOC), water extractable organic carbon (WEOC), and ratio of WEOC/SOC, with the sequence being NPK + CR > CR > NPK > CK. Compared with control treatment, the individual application of NPK fertilizer decreased the aromaticity of WEOM. In contrast, elevated proportion of tryptophan-like fluorophore and microbially derived fulvic acid-like components with low molecular weight was detected in the WEOM. The amendment with CR alone resulted in increase in aromaticity of WEOM and proportion of plant-derived humic acid-like component with large molecular weight, accompanied by reduced proportion of tyrosine-like compounds. For the soil with CR restoration, the application of NPK fertilizer increased aromaticity of WEOM, and large molecular weight fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like compounds were found. However, the proportions of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like compounds were diminished. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of WEOM using fluorescence spectroscopy describes responses to be observed in long-term different fertilization strategies.     

基于流式细胞特性的LNA和HNA细菌相关性研究

采用流式细胞技术分析了7种不同陆地环境介质中LNA和HNA细菌的浓度变化及流式细胞特性特征.结果显示,在水体和土壤等环境中都存在LNA和HNA细菌的分类,其中,土壤环境中LNA细菌浓度(10⁷~10⁸cells/g数量级)高于水环境中浓度(10⁵~10⁶cells/mL数量级),但其相对比重(29.80%~33.94%)低于水环境(除地下水外,21.60%)中LNA细菌(42.25%~65.92%),主成分分析(PCA)显示水体和土壤环境介质中LNA和HNA流式细胞参数具有明显差异;相关分析表明,LNA与HNA细菌的流式细胞参数(绿色荧光信号FL1和侧向散色信号SSC)之间具有显著相关性(FL1:R²=0.711, P<0.01, SSC:R²=0.762, P<0.01),在不同生态系统中SSC变异大于FL1变异.结果表明,LNA和HNA细菌之间既不是各自对应的某一特殊生理阶段细菌,也不是两个完全相互独立的细菌群体,而是具有特殊共变关系的细菌.     

三维荧光光谱解析城市污水有机物的去除特征

利用荧光区域积分结合物料平衡计算及多元直接梯度分析,考察强化除磷-硫自养系统对低COD/TN比市政污水中有机物、氮和磷污染物的去除特性.结果表明,在进水COD/TN比为4.5～6.0的条件下,强化除磷-硫自养系统出水中的TN、NH₄⁺-N和TP浓度分别降至1.31、1.11和0.23mg/L,其去除率分别达到了96.3%、96.0%和86.9%.强化除磷-硫自养系统对荧光区域Ⅰ～Ⅴ标准积分体积的去除率分别为73.7%、64.3%、50.6%、61.3%和28.1%.物料平衡计算表明,非曝气区对荧光区域Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ的物质有明显的去除效果;好氧区对荧光区域Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ的物质有明显的去除效果.多元直接梯度分析表明,磷的释放过程可能与溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光区中的有机物相关,而自养的硝化反应、吸磷过程和有机物的去除可在好氧区达到统一.     

Selection of poly(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid utilising bacteria by enrichment,optimisation and compatibility testing for consortia development

Bacterial strains with poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) degradation potential were isolated from waste yard soil samples of selected industrial sites in Uttarakhand, India, and two microbial consortia were developed, i.e. Consortium I comprises Pseudomonas sp. strain Rb10, Pseudomonas sp. strain Rb11 and Bacillus sp. strain Rb18, and Consortium II is composed of Lysinibacillus sp. strain Rb1, Pseudomonas sp. strain Rb13 and Pseudomonas sp. strain Rb19. The current study involved enrichment selection via liquid and semi-solid media, followed by isolation and screening of bacterial strains using PHB pellets and films. Furthermore, the identification and characterisation was done by triphasic approach. The utilisation of PHB by the characterised strains was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentration of solubilised PHB was found to be 2.5?mg/mL, which was detected through ‘clear zone assay’. Further, the selection and biocompatibility testing of potential isolates were performed for the formation of bacterial consortia. Thus, the present work would provide direct and standardised protocol for screening and selection of potential microbiomes for biodegradation of polymers by overcoming the negative effect of organic solvents. Moreover, indigenously developed consortia would be evaluated for their in situ biodegradation potential against various bioplastic films.