聚氨酯泡沫材料阴燃发展过程的特性分析

分析对比了相同加热条件下的聚氨酯泡沫材料在有氧和无氧气氛下的升温过程,并对不同加热条件下的聚氨酯泡沫材料的阴燃传播速度进行研究.结果表明:沿着反应进行的方向,分离点的温度越来越低,不同热流条件下的温度分离曲线斜率在实验稳定发展段的变化规律表现得很相似,并在分离点出现后,有氧气氛中的该位置温度在短时间内急剧上升;在阴燃不稳定传播阶段时,热解前锋的速度小于氧化前锋的速度,在稳定传播阶段时,热解前锋速度与氧化前锋速度近乎相等.     

FACTORS AFFECTING SALINITY REDUCTION IN LAKE TARPON,PINELLAS COUNTY,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Following an enclosure of a sink-hole connecting Lake Tarpon to the Gulf of Mexico, the chloride concentration of lake waters decreased. Water and chloride budgets for the lake in 1975 were prepared, and predictions using the model of Lerman and Brunskill (1971) were made as to the time required for the lake to achieve fresh water status. Model verification indicated good agreement with predictions in 1976; however, data on [C1^-] for 1977 and 1978 are not as supportive of the model used. The information concerning the Lake Tarpon watershed provided by this latter fact is discussed.     

AN EXAMINATION OF LAND USE - NUTRIENT EXPORT RELATIONSHIPS1

ABSTRACT: Lake and watershed management strategies and recent environmental legislation dictate that nonpoht nutrient sources associated with storm water runoff must be assessed. Accordingly, a nutrient flu assessment for phosphorus and nitrogen is conducted through an extensive literature review of nutrient export studies. These studies are reevaluated. The nutrient export coefficients are screened according to sampling design criteria and compiled according to land use. The ecological mechanisms within each land use influencing the magnitude of nutrient flux are also discussed     

MBR中水力条件对五孔中空纤维膜污染的研究

为了对五孔中空纤维膜在分置式膜生物反应器(MBR)处理模拟印染废水中膜污染特性进行研究,提出从水力学角度考察膜污染特性。在曝气强度分别为25,50,75,100 L/h,出水通量分别为9,12,15,18 L/(m2·h)的工况下考察膜污染表征系数跨膜压差(TMP)的变化情况。得出如下结论:出水通量稳定时,在一定范围内曝气强度的增加可使TMP的增长率降低,即延长膜稳定运行时间,有效缓解膜污染;在次临界通量下曝气量恒定时,出水通量越小,TMP的增长率越小,即膜的稳定运行时间越长。此实验结果对MBR中膜污染的有效控制和水力条件优化提供数据依据。     

Ozone concentrations, flux and potential effect on yield during wheat growth in the Northwest-Shandong Plain of China

Ozone (O₃) concentration and flux (F_o) were measured using the eddy covariance technique over a wheat field in the Northwest-Shandong Plain of China. The O₃-induced wheat yield loss was estimated by utilizing O₃ exposure-response models. The results showed that: (1) During the growing season (7 March to 7 June, 2012), the minimum (16.1 ppbV) and maximum (53.3 ppbV) mean O₃ concentrations occurred at approximately 6:30 and 16:00, respectively. The mean and maximum of all measured O₃ concentrations were 31.3 and 128.4 ppbV, respectively. The variation of O₃ concentration was mainly affected by solar radiation and temperature. (2) The mean diurnal variation of deposition velocity (V_d) can be divided into four phases, and the maximum occurred at noon (12:00). Averaged V_d during daytime (6:00–18:00) and nighttime (18:00–6:00) were 0.42 and 0.14 cm/sec, respectively. The maximum of measured V_d was about 1.5 cm/sec. The magnitude of V_d was influenced by the wheat growing stage, and its variation was significantly correlated with both global radiation and friction velocity. (3) The maximum mean F_o appeared at 14:00, and the maximum measured F_o was − 33.5 nmol/(m²·sec). Averaged F_o during daytime and nighttime were − 6.9 and − 1.5 nmol/(m²·sec), respectively. (4) Using O₃ exposure-response functions obtained from the USA, Europe, and China, the O₃-induced wheat yield reduction in the district was estimated as 12.9% on average (5.5%–23.3%). Large uncertainties were related to the statistical methods and environmental conditions involved in deriving the exposure-response functions.     

河流氧化亚氮产生和排放研究综述

氧化亚氮(N2O)是仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的重要温室气体.由于人类活动对土地的影响导致河流系统中氮的可利用性增加,河流生态系统的N2O排放量正日益增长.本文对国内外河流水体N2O溶存浓度和饱和度、水-气界面排放通量及沉积物-水界面交换通量等数据进行了收集,并总结和分析了河流生态系统中N2O的产生机制及主要影响因子.     

不同养殖模式池塘沉降颗粒营养物质组成特征

2012年4~10月采用自制沉降颗粒收集装置收集主养草鱼和黄颡鱼池塘生态系统中沉降颗粒物,开展了颗粒物质的垂直沉降量以及沉降颗粒中碳氮磷等营养物质的组成及沉降通量的季节变化特征的研究。结果表明:养殖可以显著提高池塘颗粒物质的垂直沉降量,主养草鱼池塘中颗粒物质垂直沉降量显著高于主养黄颡鱼池塘(p0.01),且两种养殖模式池塘颗粒物质沉降量随着养殖时间推进有显著增加的趋势。主养草鱼的池塘中颗粒物质垂直沉降量在100.39~414.66g/(m2·d)之间变化,平均为224.46g/(m2·d),主养黄颡鱼池塘中沉降颗粒物质垂直沉降量在34.14~272.91g/(m2·d)之间变化,平均为155.18g/(m2·d)。两种养殖模式沉降颗粒的碳氮磷成分在养殖周期内的变化规律不明显但具有相似的变化趋势,主养黄颡鱼池塘沉降颗粒中TN、TC、TOC和TON的含量均比同时期主养草鱼高,且均随着养殖时间的推进,沉降颗粒中碳氮磷的总量呈增加趋势。两种养殖模式池塘沉降颗粒中的C/N比值与沉积物中的C/N比值较为接近,表明沉降颗粒与沉积物营养物质来源具有一定的相似性,同时养殖系统内养殖对象与其所处环境的相互依存和相互影响对颗粒物质的产生以及沉降具有重要作用。     

河口盐沼植物分布对有效光合辐射的响应

对东滩植被带光量子通量密度的调查研究表明:互花米草带与海三棱藨草带光量子通量密度没有显著性差异,其值分别为1 570和1 556μmol/(m2·s)。光照对两物种的生长、繁殖等植物行为的影响只取决于其对光照的利用能力和效率;在互花米草和海三棱藨草混生带,到达互花米草和海三棱藨草的光量子通量密度之间存在显著差异(P0.05),互花米草对海三棱藨草的遮荫效应达63%,表明互花米草对海三棱藨草具有强的遮荫作用。光照不足严重影响海三棱藨草的生长,在混生带,海三棱藨草生长速率降低,种群密度和生物量减少,植株高度增加。因此,互花米草对海三棱藨草的遮荫作用,抑制了海三棱藨草在中潮滩的更新过程,因而也是造成海三棱藨草生境丧失的重要原因之一。     

轰燃后火焰的辐射热通量计算

轰燃后火焰的热辐射危害，是目前确定建筑物间安全距离的主要依据之一。该文提出了轰燃后火焰在室外一定距离处辐射热通量的计算方法；并在喷出火焰不受室外风影响的情况下，利用小规模试验的结果对这一方法进行了验证。     

土地利用变化对喀斯特水体溶解无机碳、总氮和总磷输出的影响——以贵州普定沙湾模拟试验场为例

耦联水生光合作用的碳酸盐岩风化碳汇是全球碳循环研究的关键问题,生物碳泵效应不仅能够稳定碳酸盐风化碳汇,也有利于改善水环境,而过量输入氮、磷会导致水环境变差。土地利用变化作为全球变化重要内容之一,对流域碳氮磷的输出具有重要影响,但关于土地利用变化对喀斯特水体溶解无机碳、总氮和总磷输出影响的研究有待进一步加强。本研究以贵州普定沙湾喀斯特试验场为研究对象,以研究土地利用变化对水文、水化学、溶解无机碳汇通量、总氮通量和总磷通量的影响。结果表明,流量、径流深、土壤CO₂浓度、pCO₂、HCO₃^-浓度和电导率呈现出夏秋季节高、春冬季节低的变化特征,与pH变化相反。样地间,土壤CO₂浓度、pCO₂、HCO₃^-浓度和电导率表现为草地>灌丛地>农耕地>裸土地>裸岩地,与pH变化相反。参与岩溶作用的土壤CO₂是造成水化学变化的主要原因。溶解无机碳汇通量和总氮通量呈现出夏秋季节高、春冬季节低的变化特征,总磷通量秋季最高、春季最低。样地间,草地溶解无机碳汇通量最大,HCO₃^-浓度是决定溶解无机碳汇通量大小的主导因素。有植被覆盖的土地利用方式的总氮、总磷浓度及其通量明显低于无植被生长的类型,总氮通量灌丛地最小,总氮浓度是决定总氮通量大小的主导因素,总磷通量草地最小,而流量是决定总磷通量大小的主导因素。综上,我们认为可以通过调整土地利用方式来达到增加岩溶碳汇和改善水环境双赢的目标。