快速城镇化三角洲地区高碘地下水赋存特征及驱动因素:以珠江三角洲为例

沿海城镇化地区地下水中碘来源复杂,高碘地下水对生活饮用水安全存在潜在威胁.以城镇化快速发展的珠江三角洲为研究区,运用数理统计和主成分分析等方法探讨了珠江三角洲不同含水层和不同城镇化水平地区浅层地下水中碘的赋存特征及驱动因素.结果表明,研究区浅层地下水ρ(I-)介于未检出～2.34 mg·L-1,主要以I-的形式存在.研...     

温度对污泥焚烧残渣中重金属形态分布及残渣综合毒性的影响

通过实验考察了干污泥在固定床焚烧炉中停留20 min,温度分别为500 ℃、700 ℃和900 ℃的焚烧残渣中重金属(Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、Pb、Cd)的残留特性及形态分布规律.在实验温度范围内,重金属的残留率因元素和焚烧温度而异,Cu的残留率最高在80%以上,Cd的最低,900 ℃时仅为3.4%;焚烧残渣中各重金属在稳定态的分布比例均较干污泥中有显著提高.提出了用于重金属毒性定量分析的指标--重金属综合毒性指数,并采用该指数对污泥和残渣中重金属的综合毒性进行了评价.结果显示,单位质量污泥焚烧后的各残渣中重金属综合毒性均较干污泥小且随焚烧温度升高而降低,焚烧能够实现一定程度的无害化; 并且,单位质量残渣中重金属的综合毒性也随焚烧温度的升高而降低.     

Elemental analysis of the edible fruit of Carpobrotus dimidiatus (from Kwazulu-Natal,South Africa) and the influence of soil quality on its elemental uptake

Abstract

Carpobrotus dimidiatus is an indigenous South African medicinal plant species from the Aizoaceae family that bears edible fruit that is consumed for nutritional value. In this study, the elemental distribution in C. dimidiatus fruit and growth soil from fifteen sites in KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) was determined along with soil pH, soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity, to assess for nutritional value and the effect of soil quality on elemental uptake. The results showed elemental concentrations in fruit to be in decreasing order of Ca (6235–32755?mg kg^?1) > Mg (2250–5262?mg kg^?1) > Fe?>?Mn?>?Zn (20.9–50.6?mg kg^?1) > Cu (3.83–20.6?mg kg^?1) > Pb?>?Cr?>?Cd?>?As?～?Co?～?Ni?～?Se and no potential health risk due to metal toxicity from average consumption. For sites that had high levels of Cd and Pb, bioaccumulation occurred from atmospheric deposition. Concentrations of elements in soil were found to be in decreasing order of Fe (1059–63747?mg kg^?1) > Ca (1048–41475?mg kg^?1) > Mg?>?Mn (9.76–174?mg kg^?1) > Cr (1.55–135?mg kg^?1) > Zn (0.76–58.2?mg kg^?1) > Se?>?Cu?>?Ni?>?Pb?>?Co?>?As?～?Cd with no evidence of heavy metal contamination. This study revealed that the plant inherently controlled uptake of essential elements according to physiological needs and that the concentrations of essential elements in the fruit could contribute positively to the diet.     

Diffusive gradient in thin FILMS (DGT) compared with soil solution and labile uranium fraction for predicting uranium bioavailability to ryegrass

The usefulness of uranium concentration in soil solution or recovered by selective extraction as unequivocal bioavailability indices for uranium uptake by plants is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to test if the uranium concentration measured by the diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) technique is a relevant substitute for plant uranium availability in comparison to uranium concentration in the soil solution or uranium recovered by ammonium acetate. Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. var. Melvina) is grown in greenhouse on a range of uranium spiked soils. The DGT-recovered uranium concentration (C_DGT) was correlated with uranium concentration in the soil solution or with uranium recovered by ammonium acetate extraction. Plant uptake was better predicted by the summed soil solution concentrations of UO₂²⁺, uranyl carbonate complexes and UO₂PO₄⁻. The DGT technique did not provide significant advantages over conventional methods to predict uranium uptake by plants.     

Long-term thermophilic mono-digestion of rendering wastes and co-digestion with potato pulp

In this study, mono-digestion of rendering wastes and co-digestion of rendering wastes with potato pulp were studied for the first time in continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) experiments at 55 °C. Rendering wastes have high protein and lipid contents and are considered good substrates for methane production. However, accumulation of digestion intermediate products viz., volatile fatty acids (VFAs), long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and ammonia nitrogen (NH₄-N and/or free NH₃) can cause process imbalance during the digestion. Mono-digestion of rendering wastes at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.5 kg volatile solids (VS)/m³ d and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 50 d was unstable and resulted in methane yields of 450 dm³/kg VS_fed. On the other hand, co-digestion of rendering wastes with potato pulp (60% wet weight, WW) at the same OLR and HRT improved the process stability and increased methane yields (500–680 dm³/kg VS_fed). Thus, it can be concluded that co-digestion of rendering wastes with potato pulp could improve the process stability and methane yields from these difficult to treat industrial waste materials.     

Life cycle toxicity assessment of pesticides used in integrated and organic production of oranges in the Comunidad Valenciana, Spain

The relative impacts of 25 pesticides including acaricides, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and post-harvest fungicides, used in the production of oranges in Spain were assessed with current life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) tools. Chemical specific concentrations were combined with pesticide emission data and information on chemical toxicity to assess human toxicity and freshwater ecotoxicity impacts. As a case study, the relative impacts of two orange production systems in the region of Valencia, integrated pest management (IP) and organic production (OP), were assessed. The evaluation of active ingredients showed that on average acaricides have the highest human toxicity impact scores, while for freshwater ecotoxicity insecticides show the highest impact. In both impact categories the lowest impact scores were calculated for herbicides. In the production of 1 kg of orange fruits, where several kinds of pesticides are combined, results show that post-harvest fungicides can contribute more than 95% to the aggregate human toxicity impacts. More than 85% of aquatic ecotoxicity is generated by fungicides applied before harvest. The potential to reduce impacts on freshwater ecosystems is seven orders of magnitude, while impacts on human health can be reduced by two orders of magnitude. Hence, this stresses the importance of a careful pre-selection of active ingredients. In both impact categories, organic production represents the least toxic pest-control method.     

Changes in arsenic fractionation, bioaccessibility and speciation in organo-arsenical pesticide amended soils as a function of soil aging

Although organoarsenical pesticides are being phased out, sites with high concentrations of organic arsenical residues still exist due to the long-term application of these pesticides. The biotic and abiotic speciation of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) can result in the formation of inorganic arsenic (As) species. Oxidation state, retention, and thereby persistence, varies according to temporal changes, influencing the availability and toxicity of contaminants. The current greenhouse study aimed at evaluating temporal changes in the oxidation state of As, geochemical partitioning, and bioaccessibility. Four soils with varying physiochemical properties were contaminated with DMA at two concentrations (675 and 1500 mg kg⁻¹ of As). Rice plants were grown for a 6 months period, following which, the soils were allowed to age. The operationally defined forms of As and its bioaccessibility was analyzed at 0, 6 months, 1 year, and 3 years. Changes in oxidation state of As were evaluated immediately after spiking and after 3 years of soil-pesticide equilibration. Results show that geochemical partitioning of As was affected significantly (P < 0.05) by soil type, loading rates, and equilibration time. Arsenic was bound mainly to the poorly-crystalline Fe/Al-oxyhydroxides in the soil. However, these interactions did not affect As bioaccessibility, presumably due to the dissolution of the bound fractions of As in the acidic stomach. While 74-94% of the total bioaccessible As was transformed to As(V), 4-19% was transformed to the more toxic As(III). This study indicates that although aging affected the geochemical partitioning of As in the soil, bioaccesibility was controlled by the gastric pH.     

Fast preparation of the seawater accommodated fraction of heavy fuel oil by sonication

The seawater accommodated fraction (SWAF) of oil is widely used for the assessment of its toxicity. However, its preparation in the laboratory is time consuming, and results from different authors are difficult to compare as preparation methods vary. Here we describe a simple and fast set up, using sonication, to produce reproducible SWAF in the laboratory. The system was tested on heavy fuel oil placed on seawater at different salinity and temperature conditions. Maximum dissolution of the oil was achieved after 24 h, independently of both seawater salinity and temperature. Our findings are discussed in relation to the fate of the oil from the deep spill of the Prestige tanker. Changes in temperature in the open ocean are bound to have larger impact in the concentration of the SWAF than the corresponding values of sea water salinity. We anticipate that in this type of incident the highest SWAF, as the oil reaches the sea surface, should be expected in the warmest and less saline waters of the water column.     

碱性矿化水灌溉的淋洗分数

耐盐碱试验表明,在生育期内,小麦耐盐能力强于玉米,而耐碱能力弱于玉米.利用0.5-3.5 g/L的碱性矿化水灌溉时,淋洗分数约为4.4%～7.5%.相应地,需要增加的补水量小麦地为3181～     

镁同位素示踪大陆风化：进展与挑战

大陆风化制约着地表物质循环及其从陆地向湖泊/海洋的迁移,并通过消耗大气CO2调节不同时间尺度的全球碳循环和气候变化,因此如何有效示踪大陆风化是地球表生过程研究的重要科学问题之一。镁（Mg）无化合价变化,不涉及氧化还原作用,主要赋存于硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩中,并且在表生地质过程中Mg同位素通常会发生显著的同位素分馏,这些优势赋予Mg同位素体系具备示踪大陆风化的广阔潜力。随着质谱技术的不断提高,高精度Mg同位素分析技术经历了快速且成熟的发展,并在示踪大陆风化作用研究中得到了广泛的应用。然而,风化体系中Mg的来源和同位素分馏的制约要素争议颇多,尚未达成共识。本文从Mg的储库、风化壳、流域体系、室内实验和模型模拟等方面综述了目前Mg同位素示踪大陆风化的研究进展与存在的挑战。最后指出,在示踪大陆风化方面,Mg同位素提供了独特的视角,建议细化岩石/矿物溶解及形成实验、大小流域相结合、加强多同位素体系联用并相互补充与验证,以及加强计算模型模拟,以此来约束Mg同位素示踪大陆风化的不确定性。